so he denied them police protection, even though alice paul had applied for a permit. instead, the secretary of war, who is part of the presidential cabinet, henry l. simpson put the national -- what we would think of the national guard on stand by in nearby fort myers in virginia. so when the crowd got really unruly and started, basically, man handling and being very aggressive towards the suffragists that's when they literally called in the calvary from virginia and had that group serve as the protectors of the suffragists. so it was quite dramatic in that sense because the suffragists were not expecting these huge, huge crowds. but they did upstage president wilson because the next day was his inaugural speech for his first term as president and almost nobody showed up to his speech and he asked where is everybody and he was told all of the spectators had come out the day before to see the suffragists. on my left, your right is the official program for women's suffrage. you can see, this is one of four existing programs that remain from the parade. you can see how t

for that final battle, alice paul was the head of the national women's party, but alice paul did not come down to tennessee for that final battle. , two reasonseason first, the national women's party was struggling for money and donations at the time. for -- alice paul stayed in washington, d.c. and wanted to raise money and get more donations so she could support the efforts in tennessee. she felt like she could play a role at the fundraiser. the other reason was sue white had been born in tennessee and had roots in tennessee. what alice paul concluded was it would be better to have tennessee women advocating and interfacing with legislators in tennessee rather than outsiders. even carrie chapman catt, very involved in nashville, stayed in her hotel room. she did not interface directly with legislators deciding how to vote on the 90 the amendment. she had her supporters from the national american women's suffrage association who had tennessee ties doing that for her. we talked about elizabeth standen and susan b. anthony, who were pioneers in this and what role do they play? andt: s

lemay explores the national women's party tactics under the leadership of alice paul. >> hi, i'm kate lemay, and i'm the curator of votes for women, a portrait of persistence, which is an exhibition on view at the national portrait gallery at the smithsonian institution. and i'm standing in front of what we call our title treatment. it's a large blowup of headwig lik riker who was a german born actress. during the finnish or the conclusion of the 1913 parade in washington, d.c., andst that just one event of the long suffrage movement that this exhibition highlights, and we have 124 objects that goes into the long history beginning in the 1832 and bringing it right up to 1920, but then also querying the 19th amendment and what it didn't do, which was to enfranchise all women including women of color, so i then took the exhibition right up to the voting rights act of 1965, and so if you'll come with me, we're going to go and explore the 1913 parade more in depth. so we are standing in front of photo postcards of the 1913 parade which was organized by alice paul, and this was a completel

but the suffragists, led by alice paul, were the first united states in the sense ever to protest in front of the white house, and they started in 1917. at first, woodrow wilson was lukewarm at their presence. he might tip his hat were exitely nod when he would the white house, but things changed when united states entered world war i, and the suffragist were still outside protesting, and woodrow wilson became very angry. he ordered that they be removed, so the d.c. police started arresting women outside of the white house. approximately, 168 women were arrested outside the white house for the two years in which they protested and served prison time, either in the d.c. jail or in the workhouse, 22 miles south of washington, d.c. host: prison for what? what was the charge? guest: it was obstructing traffic, and of course they were not obstructing traffic, they were standing on the whit sidewalk of the white house. they were acting on the orders to remove the women from the area outside the white house. they were not breaking any laws. they were exercising free speech. just because the

under the lead of alice paul, they were really interested in the federal amendment. they were not asking the state by state change there's instead. and then when you convince your fellow legislators to ratify it, one goes out for two thirds of the ratification if necessary. nina allender is a great figure in the suffrage movement because we helped to popularize it. she herself was educated at the school of art and the philadelphia academy of fine art and a great artist in and of her own right. we are excited to get some of these objects on the wall in the exhibition, to make sure that we understand the day how the suffrage movement was being taught in the own air of the 19 teens. in 1917 alice paul decided to do something even more drastic then marching down pennsylvania avenue, and that was to picket the white house. this was one of the first groups of picketers that were nonviolent, that stood outside the white house and basically declared there are protests in personal terms, so they would carry banner saying, mr. president, what will you do for women's suffrage?

so alice paul actually stayed back in washington, d.c. and wanted to raise money and get more donations so she could support the efforts in tennessee. so she was -- felt like she could play the role as the fundraiser. the other reason was that sue white had been born in tennessee and had roots in tennessee and what alice paul correctly concluded was it would be better to have tennessee women advocating and directly interfacing with legislators down in tennessee rather than outsiders. even carrie catt who was very involved in nashville stayed in her hotel room at the hotel hermitage. she did not interface directly with legislators who were deciding how to vote on the 19th amendment. she had her supporters from the national american women's suffrage association who were actually had tennessee ties doing that for her. >> we talked about elizabeth katy stanton and susan b. anthony both of course who were pioneers in all of this. how old were they at the time? what role did they play? >> yes, unfortunately both susan b. anthony and elizabeth k

but the suffragists, led by alice paul, were the first united states citizens ever to protest in front of the white house. and they started in 1917. at first, woodrow wilson was luke warm at their presence. he might tip his hat at them or politely nod at them when he would exit the north gate of the white house, but things really changed when the you state entered world war i. after the united states was involved in the war effort and the suffragists still remained outside the white house protesting, woodrow wilson grew very angry. and at a certain point in time he ordered from the white house that they be removed. so the d.c. police started arresting women outside of the white house. as it ended up, approximately 168 women were arrested outside the white house for the two years in which they protested and served prison time, either in the d.c. jail or in the workhouse 22 miles south of washington, d.c. >> prison for what? what was the charge? >> it was obstructing traffic. and, of course, they weren't obstructing traffic. they were standing on the sidewalk in front of the white house.

i'm not that crazy alice paul. you know, you needed the real work of lobbying and organizing at the same time. so finally in the fall of 1917 -- i'm sure most of you have heard this story -- a budge of women were sent down to the work house. the warden decided he had had enough. he ordered the guards to pick up the women bodily. for the most part they were sent into a communal area where they stayed together, but there were punishment cells, individual cells. the warden ordered the guard to pick the women up, drag them through the dark to the punishment cells which were unlit, unheated, open toilets, rats, everything horrible. the women were physically picked up and hurled them into these cells. several of them smacked their heads against the cinder block. one woman passed out, the other thought she was dead, she had a heart attack. lucy starts calling out the names. they chain her with her arms above her head in this dark freezing cell all night long for standing on a corner with a sign. this becomes known as the

alice paul had been in prison. she is protesting that the government gives paul and other prisoners the privileges of the american political prisoner. the american government did not treat the suffragists as political prisoners. that treated the suffragists as criminals. this meant that there was poor food, no rating, no privileges. given to the suffragists when they are imprisoned. so the suffragists picked up on that immediately and credit banners that spoke to that, to point out -- they created banners to point out that the government have a political activist those privileges. so why didn't the american government do the same for other political activists in the united states, is the question? you can see another beautiful drawing by nina ellenger. she is likening the suffrage effort, where the women are getting grabbed, and assaulted even, by angry men, she is likening that moment, to training for the draft. 1917, the april, united states entered world war i. this is a major moment for suffrage. done the suffr

alice paul realized her parade -- she was there. she was going to march, and she drove a calf up and down the parade route trying to zig zag through the crowd to back up. it didn't work at all. the crowd just poured back in behind her. finally they literally called in cavalry. they had some mounted officers standing by at ft. myers. they rode their horses into the crowd enough that the parade could fight their way down. instead of the tableau performing in triumph, all the women show up at d.a.r. hall filthy, furious, cold, angry, horrified that this massive crowd of these jerky men have completely ruined what should have been this meticulously planned triumphant day. alice paul realized from the very beginning that it's the best thing that ever could have happened. a lovely parade would be in the news for a day. a near riot would keep the movement in news for the weeks. that's what happened. there was a congressional hearing. the police chief almost lost his job. to notice how good these women were in manipulating the press -- not

and alice paul did get permission for her vips to sit there. so there was a live audience for this tablot. that was not the main audience. the idea was this would be published in newspapers all around the country the next day. there are the children in togas. it was march 3rd. it's a little chilly in early march in washington. the children were barefoot on the marble steps. but the parade begins. bugle sounds. the tablot gets the signal to start. they start. they perform their beautiful tablot and then they stand there and in dignified silence. the parade would process in front of them, fold in the back of the parade. and they would perform in triumph. where the tableau would perform again in triumph to a rousing applause from the audience and it would be a great day. so the tableau goes ahead and there is no parade. and the tableau finishes and they're maintaining their poses, no parade. they have no way of knowing where the parade is, why it is held up. it is getting a little cold up there on the treasury steps in their togas and finally they

i'm not sure i would want to have dinner with alice paul. kerry tutman cat was very funny and very organized. she was the one who had the grassroots organizations in every state and continued to motivate women to build on them. and so if you could kind of take the best of them. personally i also have a role model in hi grandmother lindy bogs who was a member of congress, she represented dou s downtown new orleans in the house. and there were very few women in the house. and one of her political mottos was you could get everything you want to get done as long as you don't take the credit for it. when you think about it, it is pretty radical and also very female. so she was born before women got the right to vote. she was born in 1916 and went on to become a senior member of the u.s. house of representatives an then the ambassador to the vatican. and so the fact that she lived this history and was able to exploit it for her own good ends is -- will always be a role model. >> and watch her daughter and granddaughters. >> yes. it is very matriar

feel free to remind them it was alice paul's idea. (laughs) this is the first time anybody had done this. check out the visuals. the women in the dark coats against the white house, that banner that said mr. president, how long must women wait for liberty. inez mull hol hand's maybe bast words in dark letters on a light background. this is all made for the pictures. and pictures are great. so at the time live in the space there was sort of a curiosity. people were interested in the white house pickets. that is interesting. this is january and february 1917. it is really cold out there. but people would come by and sometimes women would come to washington to participate and there were theme days, there was a college day where again i looked for smith college pictures. there is new york day. it looks like new york got a rainy, terrible day. and they stayed out there throughout january and february of 1917. and there are bringing warm bricks to stand on and one woman had a fur coat that she passed around and they all got to wear the fur

that is what happened with alice paul. she and carrie catt in 1920 are the leader of the rival women's suffrage organizations. carrie katz national american much bigger, claiming to lien -- 2 million members. alice paul's women's party, much smaller, but very vital. host: when the women were staging the demonstrations, where they putting our lives in danger? what was the public reaction to the public protests? guest: yes they were. from the very beginning there was violence. susan anthony, stanton, lucy stone, were all pelted with rotten eggs, and spoiled vegetables. susan anthony, the great organizer, travel the country back and forth every year, used to say she can mark the progress of the movement by the kind of projectiles that were thrown at her. [laughter] when there were no longer rotten eggs, just just plain eggs, that was progress. their banners were accosted and ripped, their clothes are riapped. they were used to a certain amount of violence. but once the picketing begins, and once president woodrow wilson, who

alice paul refuses to support the war. she has her picketers out there saying, how can we fight this war for democracy when you are not giving women democracy at home? so you have this good cop, bad cop between carrie catt and her approach to wilson and alice paul. what happens also is that woodrow wilson, as the war closes in november 1918 in early 1919, just when the suffrage amendment is coming to a head in congress, he is trying to get the league of nations passed by congress. he wants this to be his legacy, an international organization that will prevent the kind of horrible war the world has just gone through. so he sees women, whom he evaluates and says women care more about peace, and they know what war is like, and they have lived through this horrible experience very recently. they will support the league of nations. they will push their senators and congressmen if they can vote. and so he comes around, partly out of that political calculation that if his legacy is to be established at all as a peacemaker and not

what alice paul was trying to do was create headlines. after spending some time in britain, she got radicalized by the british suffragette and learned how to create attention grabbing spectacles. when she came back to the u.s. in 1911 and 1912, she organized with the congressional union, this parade. 8000 suffragette marched from the capitol, down pennsylvania avenue, and they stopped at the treasury building. at the treasury building, they had this pageant. in between, they had to make their way through 500,000 -- spectators. that is a huge number. one of the problems was that it did not have police protection because the chief of police in washington dc was not a friend to suffragette. he denied them police protection, even though she had applied for a permit. instead, the secretary of war, part of the presidential cabinet put what we would think of as the national guard on standby in nearby fort myers, in virginia. when the crowd got really unruly and being very aggressive, that is when they literally called in the calvary from virgini

and she felt that alice paul could. but alice paul was getting attention for different things than celebrity or fashion. she was getting attention for radical, controversial tactics. judy: just a quick follow-up to that. if these women had wanted to make big contributions, did they have the ability to do that? did they have enough control over the money in their household to do that? johanna: i would hesitate to make a global statement about that but i would guess that most of them, yes. most of them did and most of them did make contributions. i mean, alice paul, as elizabeth said, had -- i mean, alva belmont basically supported alice paul, paid her salary for her whole life and i was just -- i had this magical event last sunday, almost as magical as this -- at woodlawn cemetery in the bronx. they called and they said, i don't know if you know this, but many of the women you write about are buried here and we'd like you to come speak and i was delighted. and they said, and we're going to invite the descendants. i was l

alice paul included because there were stars in the damage from that. so it is very much a hard one battle in this country, one that i hold close to my heart and vote every year. i encourage everyone to do so. but we named it again, an active right and justice because when he did turn the tide, that was part of his speech to congress. but i have to tell you, but we started going to archives unidentified where we would go, we had women from our chives turn to us and almost a whisper go, did you know he was a bad guy? and we would just get it kicked out of that because we are trying to show the records. he did turn the tide and it was a speech in congress that helped the effort. >> some of that is on display at the wilson house and we have a photo of that, correct? >> thanks for the call. >> i agree with everything that was. said we have a terrific repository of archives and my former and employer has the most robust collection of manuscripts and prince, that's because a library of congress was friends with the suffragists, and donated the materials to li

it was organized by alice paul. this was a completely different tactic than what had been done before with other suffragists. i was paul was trying to create's headlines, after spending time in britain she was radicalized by the british suffragists. she learned how to create attention grabbing spectacles and events. when she came back to the united states in 1911 and 12, she then organized with the congressional union, this parade. 8000 suffragists marched down from the capitol here, from the beginning, down pennsylvania avenue. and then they stopped at the treasury building which is basically the end of pennsylvania avenue. the treasury building they have these pageants. in between the suffragists had to make their way through 500 thousand spectators. that is a huge number. one of the problems of this parade is it did not have police protection because the chief was not a friend of suffragists. instead the secretary of war who is part of the presidential cabinet put what we would think of as the national guard on s

in 1917, alice paul started picketing the white house. we are at war in europe and a lot of people find this with an air per se ding -- pervading this is society, it's very controversial. so there is this tension over tactics. i wear this pin, this is a jailhouse door pin that was made for all the suffragettes, suffragists who went to jail for the right to vote. to me, it's a meditation on the difference between moderate and radical and makes me sort of ponder which one is more effective at bringing social change. maybe all of these things contribute. maybe the fashion ability of the gilded ones and the mainstream legislative appeals of the mainstream suffrage activists and the radicals pushing us further out about our comfort zone. >> that's one of the injuring questions. i'm about to turn it over to the audience. why do you think that these women were essentially forgotten for so long? >> i don't know that -- the answer to that. i don't know. i would be curious what readers think about why. to me, they are compelling figures. as i menti

under the lead of alice paul they were interested in the federal amendment, to change their referendum to support an amendment, and to convince the legislator in the state to ratify it. nina allender is a great figure in the suffrage movement because helped to popularize it. in the philadelphia academy of fine art, excited to get these objects on the wall in the exhibition to make sure, where the suffrage movement was being taught in its own ranks during the era of the 19 teens. in 1917, alice paul decided to do something even more drastic, down pennsylvania avenue, one of the first groups of picketers that were nonviolent that stood outside the white house, basically declared their protests of the president, that they would carry banners, what will you do for women's suffrage? the president being woodrow wilson, who would carry out two terms as president, in 1919, at this .1915 and in 1917 they pick at the white house, two long years of picketing, every day, stand outside the white house and hold their silence as referred to by the press and they would leave their headquarters in lafa

she's not crazy like alice paul. >> an inside and outside game? >> extra em to make the moderate look more moderate. >> perfect good cop/bad cop relationship. easier for wilson to deal with kat because she looked so much better, much larger more conservative organization, looked more patriot in comparison to these alice paul radicals. >> three generations of sufficient ra. stanton, lucy stone, carrie chapman kat and anne hourpd and alice and lucy. a sort of mother-daughter competition. both kat and paul were dynamic, charismatic, very attractive powerful speakers whose followers would have followed them off a cliff to the white house to tennessee for the ratification, but what kat had and what wins sufficient ra is women getting the vote from all of those referendums, all the state legislatures. wouldn't have gotten a vote if it had only been paul and the protests. had you to have cat and could not have won the vote without paul. >> also i once -- sorry. >> go ahead. >> once it went to the states for ratification, the fact kat had all state level

alice paul never went to nashville. she sent one representative, she would run out of money and she had very few -- she did not have a national quirk of members that was very large. historians estimate that while she may have had 3000 members during the suffrage fight. by 1921, she was down to 600. whereas cat had this enormous operation with more than 2 million women. even when it transferred to the league of women voters, it was only 100,000 because peoples interests defused. >> it's interesting. the league of women voters, after women won the vote, basically became a non political organization. it did not take a political stance. where is the national women's party was so issued on the focus and ignored so many other constituents of women. it was sort of powerless. another alternative would have been interesting. it's easy to say in retrospect. >> there was the women's trade union lead. there were many other organizations that suffered. i only just recently nourishment, i thought it was chapman who was responsible fo

tell us about alice paul. she led a big demonstration in front of the white house the day before woodrow wilson's inauguration. first ellen: now we are 1913. this is about the third generation of women involved in suffrage and these are younger women. they are modern women. their skirts are shorter. their hair is shorter. they go to college. and they are not uncomfortable with marching and doing other things in public. speaking. marching, etc.. she draws them in to a wing and eventually a separate organization. she starts her leadership by organizing one of the first massive political parades in washington, dc. political parades, not for a party. she organizes this parade on the eve of the first inauguration of woodrow wilson. it is meant to show to him the power and discipline of the suffrage movement. in the end, alice paul and woodrow wilson became the worst sort of enemies. they despised each other. wilson was a southern democrat . you have got great images here. you're making my job so much easier. he opp

what we know, of course, is that alice paul will decline. she will fold up the business of the national women's party and importantly move on by 1923 to call for an equal rights amendment to the constitution cause that is still alive and subject of much struggle and activism even in our own time. but this turn of events leaves african-american women to in essence build a new movement for women's voting rights. one, that they will partner with african-american men. it is a movement that will continue to, on the one hand, work the ground game of women's politics, perhaps best exemplified by the work of african-american women in the city of chicago, who will not only become important republican party operatives but will use their power at the ballots to see to it that the first time since 1901, in 1928 an african-american candidate will be elected to congress and head to washington. black women learn how to use the voting power that they have to change the outcome, particularly on the local and state level. they will be part of the legal campai

and quinn brown goes so far as to call on alice paul. she wants to be a part of the celebration that alice paul is planning, that will mark the ratification of the 19th amendment. she wants black women to be there. and most importantly, she wants to make a proposal to alice paul, one that would lead to a linkage between black and white women's organizations, that would work toward the federal legislation that hallie quinn brown and the women of the nacw are after. hallie quinn brown and the delegation of black women will call on alice paul in the winter of 1921 during what turns out to be the last meeting of the national women's party. and she will ask paul for just that in a political alliance that will continue the struggle for women's votes, that will work towards women's universal votes through the winning a federal legislation. and what we know, of course, is that alice paul will decline. that she will fold up the business of the national women's party, and importantly, move on by 1923 to call for an equal rights amendment to the co

after spending some -- what alice paul was trying to do was create headlines, so after spending some time in britain, she basically got radel got radicalized by the suffragists. when she came back to the united states. she then organized with the congressional union this parade. 8000 suffragists marched down the capital, down pennsylvania avenue. the treasury building had this pageant for lady liberty. in between the suffragists had to make their way through 500,000 spectators. one of the problems of this parade is it did not have police protection because the chief was not a riend of suffragettes. instead, he denied them police protection even though alice had applied for the permit. instead the secretary of war who is part of the presidential cabinet put what we would think of as the national guard on standby in nearby fort myers in irginia. hen the crowd became unruly, and being very aggressive, that is when they literally called in the calvary from virginia and had that group as the protector of the suffragette. it was quite dramatic and that sent because they were not expecting

but the suffragists, led by alice paul, were the first united states in the sense ever to protest in front of the white house, and they started in 1917. at first, woodrow wilson was lukewarm at their presence. he might tip his hat were exitely nod when he would the white house, but things changed when united states entered world war i, and the suffragist were still outside protesting, and woodrow wilson became very angry. he ordered that they be removed, so the d.c. police started arresting women outside of the white house. approximately, 168 women were arrested outside the white house for the two years in which they protested and served prison time, either in the d.c. jail or in the workhouse, 22 miles south of washington, d.c. host: prison for what? what was the charge? guest: it was obstructing traffic, and of course they were not obstructing traffic, they were standing on the whit sidewalk of the white house. they were acting on the orders to remove the women from the area outside the white house. they were not breaking any laws. they were exercising free speech. just because the

i am so fortunate to live on the land where alice paul lived and grew up. guest: be still my beating heart. that is wonderful. at the national constitution center in philadelphia on january 16. i just wanted to know if anybody has worked with you at this smithsonian? guest: i am so grateful for your call, and if you haven't brought up alice paul, i would have. one of the things that we have, and maybe you can show it to our viewers, is a remarkable pin that alice paul and others who were imprisoned for their advocacy literally trying just to get the vote, sent to prison soyou know alice's story is brought -- but attention to the incredible length to which women would go. host: you are seeing that on your screen now. guest: isn't that amazing? we have an amazing collection from alice paul's family, including her suffrage bracelet. so every a long life time a state would add the 19th amendment, she would add it to her charm bracelet. hallowed ground for the suffrage movement. host: i want to talk about the ,uffragettes serving in prison showing a new story fr

i am so fortunate to live on the land where alice paul lived and grew up. guest: be still my beating heart. that is wonderful. that was at the national constitution center in philadelphia on january 16. i just wanted to know if anybody has worked with you at this smithsonian? guest: i am so grateful for your call, and if you had not brought up alice paul, i would have. one of the things that we have, and maybe you can show it to our viewers, is a remarkable pin that alice paul and others who were imprisoned for their advocacy literally trying just to get the vote, sent to prison -- you know alice's story is so powerful -- but brought attention to the incredible lengths to which women would go. host: you are seeing that on your screen now. guest: isn't that amazing? we have an amazing collection from alice paul's family, including her suffrage bracelet. she lived a long life, so every time a state would ratify the 19th amendment, she would add it to her charm bracelet. it is one of my favorite things here. thank you. you live on hallowed ground for the suffr

we have an amazing collection from alice paul's family, including her suffrage bracelet. she lived a long life so every time a state would ratify the 19th amendment, she would add it to her charm bracelet. hallowed ground for the suffrage movement. >> i want to talk about the suffragettes serving in prison, showing a new story from san francisco, touring country in campaign for universal suffrage, suffragettes who served terms in prison and they are getting off the prison train. explain the story behind that. >> it was an amazing moment, and the tactics used by suffragists -- and in the u.s. they called them suffragists and in the u.k. they called them suffragettes -- but the tactics were remarkable and powerful, and the lessons learned from the suffrage movement, you can trace throughout the 20th and 21st century. the movement like many movements broke into two different factions. some work in servant -- conservative and somewhere activist. some like alice paul felt if not then then when would women finally achieve the right to vote? they saw this as a long trajectory la