Gold, silver, lead, zinc, and copper are valuable non-ferrous metals that paved the way for modern civilisation. However, the environmental impacts from their beneficiation stage was always overlooked. This paper analysed the life cycle environmental impacts from the beneficiation process of gold-silver-lead-zinc-copper combined production. The analysis is conducted by utilising the SimaPro software version 8.5. The life cycle assessment methodologies followed are the International Reference...
Topics: Beneficiation, Copper, Gold, Lead, Silver, Zinc
A back forward Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used to study the effect of flotation time, collector dosage, frother dosage, and impeller speed on flotation recovery and grade. The results of 13 flotation experiments conducted on Egyptian coal were used for training the network while another 28 experiments were used for validation. Simulation results showed that a one layer network with a [6 2] architecture was the one that gave the least standard error (SE). The values of this error were...
Topics: Neural Network, Froth Flotation, Optimization, Coal Beneficiation
Soya beans oil was used as possible substitute for oleic acid a collector and kerosene as frother for recovering graphite from its impurity. The highest recoveries from 300g graphite using oleic acid and soya beans were 131.4g and 129.0g respectively. The chemical analysis to determine the silica content in each was conducted and contained 79.30% and 790.10% in that order with corresponding values of carbon content weight percentage of 68.40% and 64.39% in that order. The result shows that soya...
Topics: Soya beans oil, Oleic acid, Collector, Frother, Modifier, Beneficiation
Grinding is the highest energy consumer in all the unit processes of mineral beneficiation. The performance of grinding mills depends on many operating factors among which are the time of grinding, mill speed, grinding media–toore ratio, and filling ratio. These factors affect the fraction of energy from the total energy drawn by the mill system utilized in material size reduction. These variables were investigated in regard to the Itakpe iron ore. A representative sample of 10.5kg of the...
Topics: Critical speed, Communition, Mill Filling, Grinding Media, Mill Speed, Beneficiation.
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208
Sep 20, 2010
09/10
by
Anderson, J. R
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The performance of a broad-beam, three-grid, ion extraction system incorporating radio frequency (RF) mass discrimination was investigated experimentally. This testing demonstrated that the system, based on a modified single-stage Bennett mass spectrometer, can discriminate between ionic species having about a 2-to-1 mass ratio while producing a broad-beam of ions with low kinetic energy (less than 15 eV). Testing was conducted using either argon and krypton ions or atomic and diatomic oxygen...
Topics: EXTRATERRESTRIAL RESOURCES, FABRICATION, MANUFACTURING, MOON, TRADEOFFS, MATERIALS, MINERALS,...
Opaques (mostly ilmenite) make up 0 to 5 percent of highland rocks, 1 to 11 percent of low-Ti mare basalts, and 10 to 34 percent of high-Ti mare basalts (Carter 1988). Apollos 11 and 17 sampled high-Ti basalts. Apollos 12 and 14 sampled low-Ti basalts. Apollo 15 sampled a complex mixture of mare and highland material. Apollo 16 sampled mainly highland material (Taylor 1975).
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ILMENITE, LUNAR RESOURCES, BASALT, BENEFICIATION, LUNAR...
One of the most important commodities lacking in the moon is free oxygen which is required for life and used extensively for propellent. Free oxygen, however, can be obtained by liberating it from the oxides and silicates that form the lunar rocks and regolith. Ilmenite (FeTiO3) is considered one of the leading candidates for production of oxygen because it can be reduced with a reasonable amount of energy and it is an abundant mineral in the lunar regolith and many mare basalts. In order to...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BENEFICIATION, ILMENITE, LUNAR RESOURCES, LUNAR ROCKS, OXYGEN...
This article presents the results of experimental and theoretical studies on manufacturing effective ceramic products from saline loess-like loams by introducing into the charge the additives from industrial waste. It was determined that the addition of lead ore beneficiation waste to the composition of the clay mass contributes to an increase in the mechanical strength of ceramic samples, the maximum values of which are reached at a firing temperature of 9500C. The ceramic bricks obtained...
Topics: Ceramic Brick, Saline Loess-Like Loams, Charge, Additives, Strength, Frost Resistance, Cycle, Lead...
Natural concentrations of industrially valuable minerals are far less likely to be found on the Moon than on the Earth. But that is all the more reason for devising beneficiation processes to concentrate and extract the useful mineral components in lunar rocks and soils. As an example of a useful mineral that can be beneficiated, it has been estimated that ilmenite abundance accounts for 15 and 20 percent of the volume of the Apollo 11 and 17 basalts and 2 and 5 percent by volume in the Apollo...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BENEFICIATION, EXTRACTION, ILMENITE, LUNAR RESOURCES, LUNAR...
Natural feedstocks used for any process are intrinsically variable. They may also contain deleterious components or low concentrations of desired fractions. For these three reasons it is standard industrial practice to beneficiate feedstocks. This is true across all industries which trans-form raw materials into standardized units. On the Moon there are three natural resources: vacuum, radiation and regolith. To utilize in situ resources on the Moon it is reasonable to presume some...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BENEFICIATION, EXTRATERRESTRIAL RESOURCES, IN SITU RESOURCE...
Economic geology evaluation of lunar He-3 should answer the question: Can lunar He-3 be sold on Earth with sufficient profit margins and low enough risk to attract capital investment in the enterprise. Concepts that relate to economic geology of recovering He-3 from the lunar maria are not new to human experience. A parametric cost and technology evaluation scheme, based on existing and future data, is required to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the comprehensive economic feasibility...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ECONOMICS, HELIUM ISOTOPES, LUNAR GEOLOGY, LUNAR MARIA, LUNAR...
The results reported were obtained on a meteoric eucrite sample called Millbillillie Sample no. 173. Optical microscopy studies of the sample showed it to consist of ilmenite, troilite, and transparent gangue. The transparent gangue consisted of feldspar (anorthite), pyroxenes, olivines, and opaques. Troilite was present in minor quantities. Screen assay analyses of the 30, 100, 200, and 400 US mesh screen fractions showed that minor concentration of titanium occurred in the 200 x 400 and -400...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BENEFICIATION, ELECTRON DIFFRACTION, ILMENITE, SCANNING...
Future human lunar habitation requires using in situ materials for both structural components and oxygen production. Lunar bases must be constructed from thermal-and radiation-shielding materials that will provide significant protection from the harmful cosmic energy which normally bombards the lunar surface. In addition, shipping oxygen from Earth is weight-prohibitive, and therefore investigating the production of breathable oxygen from oxidized mineral components is a major ongoing NASA...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BENEFICIATION, ELECTROSTATICS, IN SITU RESOURCE UTILIZATION,...
Applications of available terrestrial skills to the gathering of lunar materials and the processing of raw lunar materials into industrial feed stock were investigated. The literature on lunar soils and rocks was reviewed and the chemical processes by which major oxides and chemical elements can be extracted were identified. The gathering of lunar soil by means of excavation equipment was studied in terms of terrestrial experience with strip mining operations on earth. The application of...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), EXTRATERRESTRIAL RESOURCES, MOON, SPACE INDUSTRIALIZATION,...
Magnetic separation is a viable method for concentration of components of lunar soils and rocks for use as feedstocks for manufacture of metals, oxygen, and for recovery of volatiles such as He-3. Work with lunar materials indicates that immature soils are the best candidates for magnetic beneficiation. The magnetic susceptibility at which selected soil components such as anorthite, ilmenite, or metallic iron are separated is not affected by soil maturity, but the recovery of the concentrated...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BENEFICIATION, FERROMAGNETIC RESONANCE, IRON OXIDES, LUNAR...
Consolidated information is presented for the study whose purpose was to identify products, processes, and services to be produced in future spacecraft environments for direct utilization on earth. Discussion of methodology for selecting from among potential space processing approaches, definition of requirements for experiments and tests needed to acquire sufficient knowledge for proof testing of selected processes, formulation of research and development schedules to achieve proof testing,...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, SPACE MANUFACTURING, TECHNOLOGY...
A charge separator has been constructed for use in a lunar environment that will allow for separation of minerals from lunar soil. In the present experiments, whole lunar dust as received was used. The approach taken here was that beneficiation of ores into an industrial feedstock grade may be more efficient. Refinement or enrichment of specific minerals in the soil before it is chemically processed may be more desirable as it would reduce the size and energy requirements necessary to produce...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BENEFICIATION, ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS, LUNAR SOIL,...
Regolith conveyance includes hauler/dumpers, hoppers, augers, pneumatic transport subsystems, and other elements. The features of the conveyance and the time the material stream spend in conveyance may be used synergistically to perform beneficiation, pre-processing (such as heating), and other tasks, thus reducing the mass and complexity of the overall ISRU system. Since the cost of spaceflight is largely driven by the cost of launching mass out of Earth's gravity well, the conveyance system...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BENEFICIATION, PNEUMATICS, REGOLITH, CONVEYORS, EARTH...
A review of options for processing extraterrestrial materials was dominated by industrial materials scientist who tried to identify which processes utilizing space materials could be implemented in the near term. The most practical process seem to us to be the extraction of lunar oxygen and the extraction of metals and ceramics from the residues of the reduction process. The growth of space activity will be accompanied by increased demand for liquid oxygen for each round trip to the Moon. The...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ASTEROIDS, BENEFICIATION, CEMENTS, CERAMICS, EXTRACTION,...
Organic sulfur is removed from coal by treatment with an organic solution of iron pentacarbonyl. Organic sulfur compounds can be removed by reaction of the iron pentacarbonyl with coal to generate CO and COS off-gases. The CO gas separated from COS can be passed over hot iron fillings to generate iron pentacarbonyl.
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), CARBONYL COMPOUNDS, COAL, DESULFURIZING, IRON COMPOUNDS,...
Upon returning to the moon, or further a field such as Mars, presents enormous challenges in sustaining life for extended periods of time far beyond the few days the astronauts experienced on the moon during the Apollo missions. A stay on Mars is envisioned to last several months, and it would be cost prohibitive to take all the requirements for such a stay from earth. Therefore, future exploration missions will be required to be self-sufficient and utilize the resources available at the...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BENEFICIATION, LUNAR ROCKS, RADIATION PROTECTION,...
Electrostatic beneficiation of lunar regolith is a method allowing refinement of specific minerals in the material for processing on the moon. The use of tribocharging the regolith prior to separation was investigated on the lunar simulant MLS-I by passing the dust through static mixers constructed from different materials; aluminum, copper, stainless steel, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The amount of charge acquired by the simulant was dependent upon the difference in the work function...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BENEFICIATION, ELECTROSTATICS, LUNAR DUST, LUNAR ROCKS,...
Space Resources addresses the issues of using space resources to support life on the Moon and for exploration of Mars. This volume - Materials - covers a number of technical and policy issues regarding the materials in space (mainly lunar and asteroidal) which can be used to support space operations. In part 1, nature and location of these materials, exploration strategy, evaluation criteria, and the technical means to collect or mine these materials is discussed. A baseline lunar mine and the...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), EXTRATERRESTRIAL RESOURCES, MATERIALS, MINERALS, MINING,...
Electrostatic beneficiation of lunar regolith is being researched at Kennedy Space Center to enhance the ilmenite concentration of the regolith for the production of oxygen in in-situ resource utilization on the lunar surface. Ilmenite enrichment of up to 200% was achieved using lunar simulants. For the most accurate quantification of the regolith particles, standard petrographic methods are typically followed, but in order to optimize the process, many hundreds of samples were generated in...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), LUNAR ROCKS, REGOLITH, ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, X RAY...
The lunar regolith has high concentrations of aluminum, silicon, calcium, iron, sodium, and titanium oxides. Liberation of these metals would provide necessary materials for structural and building material fabrication, spare part, machine and tool production, and construction and site preparation in-situ on the moon or other extraterrestrial body (Rao et al 1979). Ilmenite (FeTi03) is a mineral of interest on the moon as a source of iron, titanium, and oxygen (Cameron 1992, Zhao and Shadman...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTROSTATICS, BENEFICIATION, LUNAR GRAVITATION, REGOLITH,...
Early lunar technologies will probably use a common lunar material as ore. They will be robust to minor fluctuations in feedstock composition and will not require appreciable feedstock beneficiation such as rock grinding or mineral concentration. Technologies using unprocessed soil and indifferent to its composition will have the advantage. Nevertheless, the size and grade of the ore body must be confirmed for even the most indiscriminate process. Simple uses such as heaping unprocessed lunar...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BENEFICIATION, COST ANALYSIS, EXCAVATION, LUNAR BASES, LUNAR...
Electrostatic separation is a class of material processing technologies commonly used for the sorting of coarse mixtures by means of electrical forces acting on charged or polarized particles. Most if not all of the existing tribo-electrostatic separators had been initially developed for mineral ores beneficiation. It is a well-known process that has been successfully used to separate coal from minerals. Potash (potassium) enrichment where underground salt mines containing large amounts of...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTROSTATICS, ELECTRIC CHARGE, TRIBOLOGY, BENEFICIATION,...
We will present a review of recent laboratory results obtained in dry magnetic separation of one gram samples of the minus 1 mm size fraction of five lunar soils of widely differing maturities. Two highland soils were investigated as potential sources of low iron content feed stocks for space manufacture of metals, including aluminum, silicon, and calcium. Pure anorthite was separated from the diamagnetic fraction of immature highland regolith. Three high titanium mare soils were investigated...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BASALT, BENEFICIATION, HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, ILMENITE, LUNAR...
The rocks and soils of the Moon provide raw materials essential to the successful establishment of a lunar base. Efficient exploitation of these resources requires accurate characterization of mineral abundances, sizes/shapes, and association of 'ore' and 'gangue' phases, as well as the technology to generate high-yield/high-grade feedstocks. Only recently have x-ray mapping and digital imaging techniques been applied to lunar resource evaluation. The topics covered include inherent differences...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BASALT, BENEFICIATION, DIGITAL TECHNIQUES, ILMENITE, IMAGING...
Any future lunar base needs materials to provide thermal and radiation protection. Many factors point to the use of lunar materials as industrial feedstocks. Sintering of full-scale bricks using whole lunar dust has been accomplished. Refinement of soil beneficial before processing means less energy. Triboelectric separation of coal from minerals, quartz from feldspar, and phosphorous from silica and iron ore successively achieved. The Lunar environment ideal for electrostatic separation (1)...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BENEFICIATION, ELECTROSTATICS, LUNAR ENVIRONMENT, LUNAR...
Any future lunar base and habitat must be constructed from strong dense materials in order to provide for thermal and radiation protection. Lunar soil may meet this need. Lunar regolith has high concentrations of aluminum, silicon, calcium, iron, sodium, and titanium oxides. Refinement or enrichment of specific minerals in the soil before it is chemically processed may be more desirable as it would reduce the size and energy requirements required to produce the virgin material and it may...
Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ELECTROSTATICS, BENEFICIATION, LUNAR ROCKS, LUNAR SOIL,...
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140
Sep 26, 2014
09/14
by
Torsten Knackstedt
movies
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Multotec density separator spiral on Electra Mining trade show in 2014 near Johannesburg South Africa
Topics: Multotec, density, separator spiral, Electra Mining, spirals, 2014, minerals processing, gold,...
