This document reports on work toward a very low rate vocoder. We model speech as a Markov Chain of spectral templates for the unsupervised learning approach to very low rate vocoding. This quarter investigated some variations in the spectral clustering algorithms. We also decided to use the speech of many speakers for the clustering and sequential modeling. We also began work on synthesizing the speech of many speakers from a diphone data base recorded from a single speaker. In phonetic...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Makhoul, John, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA
This Quarterly Technical Report covers work performed during the period noted on the development of a high-speed interface, called a Voice Funnel, between digitized speech streams and a packet switching communications network.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Rettberg, R D, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA
Two topics are treated in this Quarterly Technical Report. First, a model for the contention in the Butterfly TM Switch is presented and discussed. Second, the results of measurements of contention using a 16-processor Butterfly machine are presented. These results substantiate the switch model, and indicate that the Butterfly Switch performs very well. The efforts reported here were done in preparation for the tests to be conducted in the 128-processor Butterfly Test bed in the next quarter.
Topics: DTIC Archive, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *MULTIPROCESSORS, *SWITCHES, TEST BEDS,...
A theory of analogy must describe how the meaning of an analogy is derived from the meanings of its parts. In the structure-mapping theory, the interpretation rules are characterized as implicit rules for mapping knowledge about a base domain into a target domain. Two important features of the theory are (1) the rules depend only on syntactic properties of the knowledge representation, and not on the specific content of the domains; and (2) the theoretical framework allows analogies to be...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Gentner,Dedre, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *STRUCTURES, *MAPPING,...
The article presents some discussion, criticism, and extension of Manfred Bierwisch's recent paper, 'Some Semantic Universals of German Adjectivals.' Bierwisch draws conclusions about the structure of semantic theory as the result of his attempt to analyze the meaning of selected words and expressions. Correspondingly, this report paper separates into two parts: (1) an extension of Bierwisch's study of semantic theory, and (2) further analysis of particular expressions. In Part I, certain...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Teller, Paul, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *SEMANTICS, LANGUAGE,...
The report describes in detail the BBN-LISP system. This LISP system has a number of unique features; most notably, it has a small core memory, and utilizes a drum for storage of list structure. The paging techniques described allow utilization of this large, but slow, drum memory with a surprisingly small time penalty. These techniques are applicable to the design of efficient list processing systems embedded in time-sharing systems using paging for memory allocation.
Topics: DTIC Archive, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, COMPUTERS, TIME,...
The concepts and relations which form the theoretical foundation of the statistical energy approach to vibration analysis are delineated. The utility of this approach for dealing with complex systems is discussed, and its range of applicability is indicated. The important properties of the modes of vibrating systems are reviewed and used to exhibit relations between modal responses and average responses of total systems. It is demonstrated that under some conditions, which are often...
Topics: DTIC Archive, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *VIBRATION, *STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, SOUND...
This Quarterly Technical Report describes work on the development of Pluribus Satellite IMPs: and on Shipboard satellite communications. (Author)
Topics: DTIC Archive, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS, *TERMINALS,...
During this quarter most of the work in distributed computing was directed toward bringing the TIP login and accounting system into operational status. A TENEX implementation of the Internetwork Transmission Control Program specified by Kahn and Cerf in the May 1974 IEEE Transactions on Communications was completed. This program will support planned Internet experiments between BBN-TENEX, a PDP-11 at Stanford University, and a PDP-9 at University College London.
Topics: DTIC Archive, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS, *DATA PROCESSING...
The report consists of a collection of papers describing the BBN Speech Understanding system, a research prototype computer system designed to understand and respond appropriately to instructions, commands, and questions expressed in ordinary continuous speech. This system attempts to combine knowledge of vocabulary and of syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic constraints with knowledge of acoustics, phonetics, and phonology to form an integrated speech understanding system, using the knowledge...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Bates, Madeleine, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *SPEECH RECOGNITION,...
Many control and access environment structures require that storage for a procedure activation exist at times when control is not nested within the procedure activated. This is straightforward to implement by dynamic storage allocation with linked blocks for each activation, but rather expensive in both time and space. The paper presents an implementation technique using a single stack to hold procedure activation storage which allows retention of that storage for durations not necessarily tied...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Bobrow, Daniel G, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES,...
Locative prepositions are members of a small closed class of English formatives. We present here an analysis of the thirty three English locative prepositions in the context of a theory which provides a basis for extracting semantic readings for phrases containing these words. The meaning of a preposition is first analyzed with function concepts which pick out the relevant characteristics of objects to be related. Then a relation concept is specified which describes the special relation between...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Cooper, Gloria S, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *SEMANTICS, VOCABULARY,...
In this paper the authors attempt to analyze the strategies by which tutors adapt their teaching to individual students, so that they can synthesize these strategies in a computer system called SCHOLAR. To find out what strageties tutors use, the authors tape-recorded dialogues between various tutors and students on the topic of South American geography. Because SCHOLAR is a well-defined program, it is possible to analyze such ill-defined naturalistic data in precise terms, with respect to the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Collins, Allan, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *COMPUTER AIDED...
This report describes our work in the past three years on data compression and quality evaluation of digital speech. We developed and implemented linear predictive coding (LPC) techniques with the overall objective of digitally transmitting high quality speech at the lowest possible average data rates over packet-switched communication media. Major techniques reported include: covariance lattice method of linear prediction analysis, adaptive lattice methods, linear predictive spectral warping,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Viswanathan, R, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *SPEECH COMPRESSION,...
The accuracy with which the Articulation Index is calculated by both the octave band and 20-band methods predict the intelligibility of speech presented to listeners in the presence of a variety of types of broad band noises was calculated. The results indicate that, for the noises tested, the octave band method for the calculation of articulation index can be used in place of the more detailed 20-band method without any APPRECIABLE LOSS IN THE ACCURACY WITH WHICH SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY TEST...
Topics: DTIC Archive, KRYTER, K D, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *SPEECH, *INTELLIGIBILITY,...
The use of reflectors to control the distribution of the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) in sonic test chambers is investigated. The goal is to obtain more realistic SPL distributions on the test object. It is concluded that the use of reflectors will not increase the SPL on a test object unless the reflector and test object are in the near field of the sound generators. The results of the study are applied to the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory's (AFFDL) Sonic Fatigue Facility at...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Manning, Jerome E., BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *MATHEMATICAL MODELS,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING, *COMPUTERS,...
The ARPA computer network is a packet-switching store-and-forward communications system designed for use by computers and computer terminals. This report describes aspects of the work in network operation; Terminal IMP access control and accounting; Private Line Interface design, construction, and checkout; Pluribus IMP construction and checkout; sizeable changes to the IMP message-processing algorithms; and Satellite IMP issues. The IMP message- processing algorithms have been completely...
Topics: DTIC Archive, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS, *DATA PROCESSING...
This quarterly Technical Report is the current edition in a series of reports which describe the work being performed at BBN in fulfillment of several ARPA work statements. This QTR covers work on several ARPA-sponsored projects including (1) development of the Pluribus Satellite IMP; and (2) development of the Mobile Access Terminal Network. This work is described in this single Quarterly Technical Report with the permission of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The work on the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Blumenthal,S, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *MESSAGE PROCESSING,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, FRANKEN, PETER A, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *AIRBORNE, *AIRCRAFT,...
The author presents a brief overview of some main aspects of the long-standing debate in Artificial Intelligence over the role of logic and logical formalisms in knowledge representation.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Israel,David J, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *Logic, *Artificial...
The concept of utilizing sound waves as reflectors for pulsed Doppler radar as a means for measuring wind velocity, turbulence, and air temperature has been examined theoretically. Any extension of the initial and successful, small scale experiments performed by Midwest Research Institute to a practical system for atmospheric probing is shown to require a change in the operating concept of the acoustic system. This change involves the abandoning of the concept of coherent reflection...
Topics: DTIC Archive, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *OPERATIONS RESEARCH, *ATMOSPHERIC...
This report describes BBN efforts to perform site surveys and planning for the installation of ACCAT remote site modules at selected sites; to provide general system architecture and design services for the ACCAT program; and to assist the ARPA staff in the planning, maintenance, and conducting of demonstrations of various ARPA computer and communication technologies.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Thomas, Robert, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *COMMAND AND CONTROL...
Contents: Mechanism of noise generation in a turbulent boundary layer; Vibration induced by boundary layer turbulence; Surface-pressure fluctuations induced by boundary-layer flow at finite mach number; Sound radiation from turbulent boundary layers formed on compliant surfaces; and The influence of simple supports on the radiation from turbulent flow near a plane compliant surface.
Topics: DTIC Archive, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *NOISE, *BOUNDARY LAYER, FLUID MECHANICS,...
The ARPA computer network provides a communication medium which allows dissimilar computers (Hosts) to interchange information. Each Host is connected to an Interface Message Processor (IMP), and IMPs are interconnected by leased common carrier circuits. There is frequently no direct circuit between two communicating Hosts, and the intermediate IMPs store and forward the information. IMPs regularly exchange information which is used to adapt routing to changing network conditions. IMPs also...
Topics: DTIC Archive, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS, *DATA PROCESSING...
This Quarterly Technical Report covers work performed during the period noted on the development of a high-speed interface, called a Voice Funnel, between digitized speech streams and a packet-switching communications network.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Hoffman, M, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE, *MEMORY...
This report describes BBN efforts in the continuing development of the HERMES message-processing system, with respect to system design, security requirements and preparations for the DARPA/NAVY/CINCPAC interactive test.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Burchfiel, J, Myer, T, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *MESSAGE PROCESSING,...
A multiple choice, easily scored speech test has been developed and evaluated. The speech intelligibility scores obtained with this test remain consistent for a given communication system when tested nearly daily for a period of one month using enlisted personnel as test listeners.
Topics: DTIC Archive, House, Arthur S, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *SPEECH, *VOICE...
Through study and analysis of data from previous teaching, several linguistic and conceptual difficulties in the way of acquiring the skills of problem-solving were identified. The LOGO programming language was taught to a group of teachers to explore its use as the basis for a course on mathematical problem-solving. LOGO-based courses in problem-solving were given to two groups of students with well-established difficulties in formal and mathematical work. Based on these teaching experiments,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Feurzeig, Wallace, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *PROBLEM SOLVING,...
The report describes aspects of work on the ARPA Computer Network during the last quarter of 1971. The first Model 316 IMP was installed in the field and two additional Terminal IMPs were delivered. The Model 316 IMP, which was installed at ETAC (Environmental Technical Applications Center, Washington, D.C), will be replaced by a Terminal IMP during the first quarter of 1972. The performance of the installed Terminal IMPs is discussed.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Heart, Frank E, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *DIGITAL COMPUTERS, DATA...
This volume is the first in a series of three volumes (AD-403 701 and AD-403 712) concerned with the physical aspects of noise control in aircraft engine test cells and ground run-up suppressors. This volume presents recommended procedures for the measurement of noise control effectiveness. Three classes of measurement procedures are described. The first class is concerned with the description of the acoustical effectiveness of a facility as a whole. Such descriptions may be used to compare...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Doelling, Norman, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *TURBOJET ENGINES, *JET...
This report describes progress during the first six months of a contract to make several improvements to ARPANET routing. Some principal conclusions are: Several problems have been discovered in the present congestion control, line up/down procedures, and loop suppression techniques through the use of a new real-time monitoring capability. Solutions to most of these problems have been developed; operational experience with these changes is presented. A new set of line up/down procedures with...
Topics: DTIC Archive, McQuillan, J M, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *ALGORITHMS, *NETWORKS,...
This report describes BBN efforts in the design of the National Software Works system and BBN efforts to integrate TENEX into the National Software Works system. BBN participation in the National Software Works project is divided into three major areas. These are system design, system implementation, and contractor/sponsor meetings to coordinate design and implementation goals and strategies. During this quarter most of the effort has been in the latter two areas.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Schantz, R, Thomas, R, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *COMMUNICATIONS...
The report describes the results of a one-year project to develop a prototype system for translating natural English requests into a formal Boolean request language to give the Defense Documentation Center a look at the current state of the art in natural language processing as it would apply to the use of natural English queries in the DDC on-line environment. The system makes use of a transition network parser to perform a detailed syntactic analysis of the input sentences, and uses a general...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Woods, W A, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *INFORMATION RETRIEVAL,...
The paper extends our earlier analysis of teaching to the analysis of the best teachers for whom we could obtain transcripts. The analysis attempts to specify the set of goals and subgoals that guide the teachers, the set of specific strategies that the teachers use to generate cases, questions, and comments for the students, and the control structure that the teachers use to allocate their time between different goals. The theory constructed from this analysis can be applied in educating...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Collins, Allan M, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *INSTRUCTORS, *TEACHING...
The Quarterly Technical Report, Number 11, describes aspects of work on the ARPA Computer Network during the third quarter of 1971. The efforts during this quarter were again primarily devoted to the Terminal IMP (TIP). The first two TIP field installations were made during the quarter, the TIP program was refined, additional terminals tested, and a preliminary TIP User;s Guide was published. Section 2 describes Terminal IMP developments in greater detail.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Heart, Frank E, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *DIGITAL COMPUTERS, DATA...
Central to being able to construct powerfully intelligent knowledge-based systems is the development of a representational system that is able to handle open-ended domains of knowledge. Critical to this effort is an understanding of the semantics of such notations, and more generally an understanding of the fundamental notions of 'semantics' and 'meaning'. This report addresses fundamental issues of semantics for computational systems. The question at issue is 'What is it that machines can have...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Woods,W A, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *SEMANTICS, *NATURAL LANGUAGE,...
Experiments are described which provide data on the relations between number and sound pressure level of acoustic impulses as a function of the susceptibility of different people to auditory fatigue. This information plus previously obtained data on the effects of pulse repetition rate and the results of planned experiments on the effects of rise time should provide the basis for establishing a general description of the effects of gun noise on auditory fatigue. This description should provide...
Topics: DTIC Archive, CARTER, NORMAN L, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *HEARING, *EAR,...
In his book Speech Acts, Searle suggests that his analysis of illocutionary acts can be extended to accounts for the propositional act of reference. He wants to give necessary conditions for a speaker successfully referring to some entity by using a certain referring expression in an utterance to a certain hearer. We point out here some inadequacies in Searle's conditions, in particular how they fail to account for cases of successful reference through expressions which speaker (and hearer) may...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Perrault,C Raymond, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *INFORMATION TRANSFER,...
This final report describes the results of a three-year project in an ongoing basic research effort to develop techniques for the automatic recognition of speech sounds (phonemes) in unrestricted continuous speech. A basic working phonetic recognition system has been designed, implemented on a VAX 11/780, and tested. At over 75% phonetic accuracy, the results have already exceeded previously-published phonetic recognition results on continuous speech for a single speaker. Our future goal will...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Schwartz, R, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *PHONEMES, *SPEECH...
In a recent paper, Reiter and Criscuolo remark 'that (semantic) networks are notational variants of logical formulae is by now a truism in Artificial Intelligence circles'. Shamelessly exploiting the foregoing quote as a pretext, I attempt to sketch adequate semantic accounts for at least two (kinds of) semantic network formalisms: one, based on the notion of inheritance; one, not. A crucial condition of adequacy to be satisfied is fidelity to some of the intuitions of the creators of the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Israel,David J, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *Semantics, *Artificial...
In his book Speech Acts, Searle suggests that his analysis of illocutionary acts can be extended to accounts for the propositional act of reference. He wants to give necessary conditions for a speaker successfully referring to some entity by using a certain referring expression in an utterance to a certain hearer. We point out here some inadequacies in Searle's conditions, in particular how they fail to account for cases of successful reference through expressions which speaker (and hearer) may...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Perrault,C Raymond, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *INFORMATION TRANSFER,...
In his book Speech Acts, Searle suggests that his analysis of illocutionary acts can be extended to accounts for the propositional act of reference. He wants to give necessary conditions for a speaker successfully referring to some entity by using a certain referring expression in an utterance to a certain hearer. We point out here some inadequacies in Searle's conditions, in particular how they fail to account for cases of successful reference through expressions which speaker (and hearer) may...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Perrault,C Raymond, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *INFORMATION TRANSFER,...
In his book Speech Acts, Searle suggests that his analysis of illocutionary acts can be extended to accounts for the propositional act of reference. He wants to give necessary conditions for a speaker successfully referring to some entity by using a certain referring expression in an utterance to a certain hearer. We point out here some inadequacies in Searle's conditions, in particular how they fail to account for cases of successful reference through expressions which speaker (and hearer) may...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Perrault,C Raymond, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *INFORMATION TRANSFER,...
This document reports on work toward a very low rate phonetic vocoder and a multirate speech compression system. The phonetic vocoder consists of a phonetic recognizer based on a trained diphone network, and a natural phonetic synthesizer which also uses diphone templates as a model for speech. This quarter several new diphones were added to the data base. There are currently 2845 diphones. We tested the phonetic recognition program, and made improvements to improve its speed and performance.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Berouti, Michael, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *SPEECH COMPRESSION,...
In his book Speech Acts, Searle suggests that his analysis of illocutionary acts can be extended to accounts for the propositional act of reference. He wants to give necessary conditions for a speaker successfully referring to some entity by using a certain referring expression in an utterance to a certain hearer. We point out here some inadequacies in Searle's conditions, in particular how they fail to account for cases of successful reference through expressions which speaker (and hearer) may...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Perrault,C Raymond, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *INFORMATION TRANSFER,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Forsdick, Harry C, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES,...
The ARPA computer network provides a communication medium which allows dissimilar computers (Hosts) to interchange information. Each Host is connected to an Interface Message Processor (IMP), and IMPs are interconnected by leased common carrier circuits. There is frequently no direct circuit between two communicating Hosts, and the intermediate IMPs store and forward the information. IMPs regularly exchange information which is used to adapt routing to changing network conditions. IMPs also...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Heart, Frank E, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS,...
This report describes the communication facility, named MSG which was developed to support interprocess communication for the implementation of the National Software Works (NSW). The more important of the processes which comprise NSW and the pattern of communication which those processes require are described. Next from those patterns a model of interprocess communication which is sufficient for NSW is abstracted. Finally, the details of the MSG facility itself are developed.
Topics: DTIC Archive, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS, *COMPUTER...
This Quarterly Technical Report covers one phase of an ongoing research effort to implement TCP protocols on an HP3000 computer system.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Bressler, R D, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC CAMBRIDGE MA, *DIGITAL COMPUTERS, COMPUTER...
