Predetermination of background error covariance matrix B is challenging in existing oceandata assimilation schemes such as the optimal interpolation (OI). An optimal spectraldecomposition (OSD) has been developed to overcome such difficulty without using the Bmatrix. The basis functions are eigenvectors of the horizontal Laplacian operator, pre-calculatedon the base of ocean topography, and independent on any observational data and backgroundfields. Minimization of analysis error variance is...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu,Peter C, Naval Postgraduate School Monterey United States
The optimization method proposed in this paper is for determining open boundary conditions from interior observations. Unknown open boundary conditions are represented by an open boundary parameter vector (B), while known interior observational values are used to form an observation vector (O). For a hypothetical B* (generally taken as the zero vector for the first time step and as the optimally determined B at the previous time step afterward), the numerical ocean model is integrated to obtain...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY,...
Every forecast should include an estimate of its likely accuracy, as a measure of predictability. A new measure, the first passage time (FPT), which is defined as the time period when the model error first exceeds a predetermined criterion (i.e. the tolerance level), is proposed here to estimate model predictability. A theoretical framework is developed to determine the mean and variance of FPT. The low-order Lorenz atmospheric model is taken as an example to show the robustness of using FPT as...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *PREDICTIONS, *ACCURACY,...
A simple method to invert the absolute geostrophic velocity on potential-density surfaces is developed based on McDougall's (1988) conservation statements on potential-density surfaces and Chu's (1995) and McDougall's (1995) P-vector concept. This method has a capability to handle a system with diapycnal velocities and non-coincidence of potential-density and neutral surfaces. The validity of the inversion is the existence of the P-vector spirals instead of the existence of the velocity spirals...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *OCEAN CURRENTS, VELOCITY,...
Commonly used horizontal diffusion and wavenumber truncation dealiasing methods in spectral models are verified using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 3. For the same horizontal grid resolution, time step, physical processes, boundary conditions, and initial conditions, the simulated climate, using the horizontal diffusion alone model, is better than that using the wavenumber truncation method. In comparison with the observed climate data, the global...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY,...
Impact of the satellite data assimilation on the naval undersea capability is investigated using the ocean hydrographic data without and with satellite data assimilation. The former is the Navy's Global Digital Environmental Model (GDEM) providing the monthly mean; and the latter is the Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) proving the synoptic data. The two environmental datasets are taken as the input into the Weapon Acoustic Preset Program to determine the suggested presets for a Mk...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA, *ARTIFICIAL...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *WIND,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *SURFACE...
The optimization method proposed in this paper is for determining open boundary conditions from interior observations. Unknown open boundary conditions are represented by an open boundary parameter vector (B), while known interior observational values are used to form an observation vector (O). For a hypothetical B* (generally taken as the zero vector for the first time step and as the optimally determined B at the previous time step afterward), the numerical ocean model is integrated to obtain...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *BOUNDARY...
The hydrodynamic features of a falling mine into the water column is investigated experimentally. The experiment consisted of dropping three cylindrical model mines of various lengths into a pool where the trajectories were filmed from two angles. The controlled parameters were, mine parameters (length to diameter ratio, center of mass location), and initial conditions (initial velocity, and drop angle). Results indicate that center of mass position has the largest influence on the mines'...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *IMPACT, *HYDRODYNAMICS,...
A three-point, sixth-order, staggered, combined compact difference (SCCD) scheme is proposed for numerical models. The SCCD scheme is a generalization of the previously proposed combined compact difference (CCD) scheme, and has major improved features such as error and computational (CPU) time reduction especially for odd-order difference equations with odd-number boundary conditions. For nonperiodic boundaries, an additional sixth -or fifth-order boundary condition is proposed, The stability...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY,...
In this study, the U.S. Navy's Generalized Digital Environmental Model (GDEM) climatological temperature and salinity data on a 0.5 deg x 0.5 deg grid is used to investigate the seasonal variabilities of the Japan/East Sea (JeS) thermohaline structure and circulations. The GDEM for the JES was built up on historical (1930-97) 136 509 temperature and 52 572 salinity profiles. A three-dimensional estimate of the absolute geostrophic velocity field was obtained from the GDEM temperature and...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *OCEAN...
A new three-point combined compact difference (CCD) scheme is developed for numerical models. The major features of the CCD scheme are: three point, implicit, sixth order accuracy, and inclusion of boundary values. Due to its combination of the first and second derivatives, the CCD scheme becomes more compact and more accurate than normal compact difference schemes. The efficient twin-tridiagonal (for calculating derivatives) and triple-tridiagonal (for solving partial difference equation with...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY,...
How to reduce the horizontal pressure gradient error is a key issue of using sigma-coordinate ocean models, especially of using primitive equation models for coastal regions. The error is caused by the splitting of the horizontal pressure gradient term into two parts and the subsequent incomplete cancellation of the truncation errors of those parts. Due to the fact that the higher the order of the difference scheme, the less the truncation error and the more complicated the computation, a...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *SHALLOW...
The Princeton Ocean Model (POM) has been implemented in the South China Sea for hindcast of circulation and thermohaline structure. A two-step technique is used to initialize POM with temperature, salinity, and velocity for 1 April 1998 and integrate it from 1 April 1998 with synoptic surface forcing for 3 months with and without data assimilation. Hydrographic and current data acquired from the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) from April through June 1998 are used to verify, and to...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *OCEAN...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA NAVAL OCEAN ANALYSIS AND...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *OCEAN...
During the boreal spring of 1966, a warm-core eddy is identified in the upper South China Sea (SCS) west of the Philippines through an analysis of the U.S. Navy's Master Oceanographic Observation Data Set. This eddy occurred before the development of the northern summer monsoon and disappeared afterward. We propose that this eddy is a result of the radiative warming during spring and the downwelling due to the anticyclonic forcing at the surface. Our hypothesis suggests an air-sea feedback...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *OCEAN...
Analysis of Argo float trajectories at 1000 m and temperature at 950 m in the North Atlantic between November 2003 and January 2005 demonstrates the existence of two different circulation modes with fast transition between them. Each mode has a pair of cyclonic-anticyclonic gyres. The difference is the location of the cyclonic gyre. The cyclonic gyre stretches from southeast to northwest in the first mode and from the southwest to the northeast in the second mode. The observed modes strongly...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *OCEAN...
A coupled hydrodynamic-chemical spill model is used to investigate the chemical spill in the San Diego Bay. The hydrodynamic model shows that the San Diego Bay is tidally dominated. The chemical spill model shows the existence of two different patterns of chemical spill for pollution (methanol, benzene, liquefied ammonia, etc.) released at 0.5 m depth in the north (32 deg 43 min N, 117 deg 13.05 min W) and the south bays (32 deg 39 min N, 117 deg 07.92 min W). For the north-bay release, the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY,...
Impact of satellite data assimilation on naval undersea capability is investigated using ocean hydrographic products without and with satellite data assimilation. The former is the Navy's Global Digital Environmental Model (GDEM), providing a monthly mean; the latter is the Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) providing synoptic analyses based upon satellite data. The two environmental datasets are taken as the input into the Weapon Acoustic Preset Program to determine the suggested...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA NAVAL OCEAN ANALYSIS AND...
An extensive airborne expendable bathythermograph survey of the South China Sea (SCS) conducted in May 1995 and historical data are used to analyze and infer the upper layer (300 m) synoptic structure and general circulation. The primary thermal feature observed was a central SCS warm pool surrounded by several cool pools. The size of the warm pool decreased with a depth from approximately 200,000 sq km at 50 m depth to about 70,000 sq km at 300 m depth. The maximum temperature of the warm pool...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY,...
Mine Impact Burial Experiment (MIBEX) was conducted at Monterey Bay on May 23, 2000 using a simulated mine. During the experiment, we carefully observe mine track and mine burial depth while simultaneously take gravity cores. After analyzing the gravity cores, we obtain the bottom sediment shear strength data set. Such synchronous mine burial depth and shear strength data were used to evaluate the Navy's Impact Burial Prediction Model (IBPM) which creates a two-dimensional time history of a...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA INST FOR JOINT WARFARE ANALYSIS,...
This paper investigates the seasonal variabilities of the South China Sea isopycnal-surface circulations and of the Kuroshio intrusion through the Luzon Strait using the U.S. Navy's climatological temperature and salinity dataset (public domain) with 1/2 deg x 1/2 deg resolution by the P-vector method. The representative pattern is a persistent basin-scale cyclonic circulation away from the surface, and a seasonally varying circulation with a weak anticylonic gyre in the summer and a strong...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *OCEAN...
Several major inverse methods (Stommel-Schott method, Wunsch method, and Bernoulli method) have been successfully developed to quantitatively estimate the geostrophic velocity at the reference level from hydrographic data. No matter the different appearance, they are based on the same dynamical sophistication: geostrophy, hydrostatic, and potential density (rho) conservation (Davis, 1978). The current inverse methods are all based on two conservation principles: potential density and potential...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *OCEAN...
Since the economic boom started in the early 1990s, China has expanded its educational and scientific programs. Funds increase rapidly for education and scientific research. From 1993 to 2006, enrollment of full time students in universities and colleges grew from 924,000 to 5,400,000, total number of students (including part-time) increased from 5,000,000 to 25,000,000, and the percentage of the enrolled full time students in the age (18-22) group jumped from 5% to 22% (Table 1), and research...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *CHINA,...
A full-spectral third-generation ocean wind-wave model, Wavelength-III, has been implemented in the South China Sea (SCS) for investigating wind-wave characteristics. This model was developed at the Ocean Modeling Branch of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The NASA QuickSCAT data (0.25 deg resolution) 2 times daily were used to simulate the wind waves for the entire year of 2000. The significant wave heights from Wavewatch-III are compared to the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P)...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA NAVAL OCEAN ANALYSIS AND...
The monthly mean TOPEX/POSEIDON crossover data in the South China Sea are used to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of sea surface height anomaly (SSHA). Multi-time scale variability is found using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The seasonal variability dominates SSHA with two spatial patterns: basin-wide gyre and north-south double gyres. The intraseasonal variability of SSH has high spatial variability at the continental shelf such as west of Hainan Island...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY,...
The purpose of this work is to determine the necessity of a near real time ocean modeling capability such as the Naval Oceanographic Office's NAVOCEANO Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System MODAS model in shallow water such as the Yellow Sea mine hunting applications using the Navy's Comprehensive Acoustic Simulation System/Gaussian Ray Bundle CASS/GRAB model. Sound speed profiles inputted into the CASS/GRAB were calculated from observational and climatological data sets for different seasons...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *MINE DETECTION, *OCEAN MODELS,...
This paper presents an analysis on the space/time statistical thermal structure in the Yellow Sea from the Navy's Master Observation Oceanography Data Set during 1929-1991. This analysis is for the establishment of an Optimum Thermal Interpolation System of the Yellow Sea (a shallow sea), for the assignations of observational data into coastal or coordinate ocean predication model (e.g., the Princeton Ocean Model), and for the design of an optimum observational network.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *COASTAL...
To detect eddies, intensive surveys of the northeast South China Sea (SCS) (114 deg 30'-121 deg 30' E, 17 deg -22 deg N) were conducted in July 1998 during the international SCS Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX), the U.S. Navy using Airborne Expendable Bathythermograph and Conductivity- Temperature-Depth sensors (AXBT/AXCTD), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP). The hydrographic survey included 307 AXBT and 9 AXCTD stations, distributed uniformly...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY,...
We used the recently developed S-transform, an extention to the ideas of the Gabor transform and wavelet transform, to analyze the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) sea level data set and to obtain the localized spectra, varying with time. Our S-spectra show some features that cannot be obtained from the Fourier transform, such as phase lock, temporal variability of spectra, and out-of-phase behavior of the semiannual, annual, and biannual signals between the western Pacific (Naura)...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *SPECTRA,...
The Navy's Impact Burial Model (IMPACT35) predicts the cylindrical mine trajectory in air and water columns and burial depth and orientation in sediment. Impact burial calculations are derived primarily from the sediment characteristics and from the mine's three-dimensional air and water phase trajectories. Accurate burial prediction requires that the model's water phase trajectory reasonably mimics the object's true trajectory. In order to determine what effect varying the shape to more...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA NAVAL OCEAN ANALYSIS AND...
The South China Sea (SCS) is a semi-enclosed tropical and sub-tropical sea located between the Asian land mass (including Taiwan) to the west and north, the Philippine Islands to the east and Malaysia and Borneo to the south, a total of 3.5 10 (exp 6) sq km surface area. The observed circulation patterns of the intermediate to upper layers of the SCS are also primarily forced by the local monsoon systems. Based on limited data, Wyrtki (1961) constructed the surface circulation pattern. From...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *OCEAN...
A thermal parametric model has been developed for analyzing observed regional sea temperature profiles based on a layered structure of temperature fields (mixed layer, thermocline, and deep layers). It contains three major components: (1) a first-guess parametric model, (2) high-resolution profiles interpolated from observed profiles, and (3) fitting of high-resolution profiles to the parametric model. The output of this parametric model is a set of major characteristics of each profile: sea...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY,...
Traditionally, the prediction skill of atmospheric models is verified through small amplitude stability analysis. The Lyapunov exponent (LE) and singular vector (SV) decomposition methods are the two popular approaches (e.g. Lorenz, 1984, Dalcher and Kalnay, 1987; Farrell and Ioannou, 1996; Vannitsem and Nicolis, 1997 and others). The model stability is defined as sensitivity to small errors in initial conditions (the first kind of predictability) and measured by an e-folding time computed from...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *OCEAN...
Mine Impact Burial Prediction Experiment MIBEX was conducted at Monterey Bay on May 23, 2000 using a simulated mine. During the experiment, we carefully observe mine track and mine burial depth while simultaneously taking gravity cores. After analyzing the gravity cores, we obtain the bottom sediment shear strength data set. Such synchronous mine burial depth and shear strength data were used to evaluate the Navy's Impact Burial Prediction Model IBPM which creates a two-dimensional time history...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *BURIED OBJECTS,...
A three-dimensional absolute velocity field on the isopycnal surface in the northwest Pacific subtropical region in the summer is calculated from the Navy's Generalized Digital Environmental Model (GDEM) climatological temperature and salinity data on a 0.5 deg x 0.5 deg grid using the P-vector method. GDEM for the area was built from historical (1930-1997) temperature and salinity profiles. The basic current system, consisting of North Equatorial Current, Kuroshio and its recirculation,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA NAVAL OCEAN ANALYSIS AND...
Reconstruction of processes and fields from noisy data is to solve a set of linear algebraic equations. Three factors affect the accuracy of reconstruction: (a) a large condition number of the coefficient matrix, (b) high noise-to-signal ratio in the source term, and (c) no a priori knowledge of noise statistics. To improve reconstruction accuracy, the set of linear algebraic equations is transformed into a new set with minimum condition number and noise-to-signal ratio using the rotation...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA NAVAL OCEAN ANALYSIS AND...
Multifractal characteristics of the upper layer thermal structure in the southwestern Greenland Sea, Iceland Sea, and Norwegian Sea (GIN Sea) are analyzed using high-resolution, digital thermistor chain data. The energy spectrum at 20 m depth (cold sublayer) shows the existence of a spike at the scale of approximate 3 km representing the chimney scale. The graph dimension varies from higher values such as 1.89 at the surface to 1 .44 - 1.50 in the warm intermediate layer. The stationarity...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA NAVAL OCEAN ANALYSIS AND...
The outcome of a battlefield engagement is often determined by the advantages and disadvantages held by each adversary. On the modern battlefield, the possessor of the best technology often has the upper hand, but only if that advanced technology is used properly and efficiently. In order to exploit this advantage and optimize the effectiveness of high technology sensor and weapon systems, it is essential to understand the impact on them by the environment. In the arena of Anti--Submarine...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *OCEAN...
Mine Impact Burial Experiment (MIBEX) was conducted at Monterey Bay on May 23, 2000 using a simulated mine. During the experiment, we carefully observe mine track and mine burial depth while simultaneously take gravity cores. After analyzing the gravity cores, we obtain the bottom sediment shear strength data set. Such synchronous mine burial depth and shear strength data were used to evaluate the Navy's Impact Burial Prediction Model (IBPM) which creates a two-dimensional time history of a...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA INST FOR JOINT WARFARE ANALYSIS,...
This paper investigates the acoustic uncertainty due to hydrographic data error and in turn to determine the necessity of a near real time ocean analysis capability such as the Naval Oceanographic Office's (NAVOCEANO) Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) model in shallow water (such as the Yellow Sea) mine hunting applications using the Navy's Comprehensive Acoustic Simulation System/Gaussian Ray Bundle (CASS/GRAB) model. To simulate hydrographic data uncertainty, Gausian-type errors...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA,...
How to reduce the computational error is a key issue in numerical modeling and simulation. The higher the order of the difference scheme, the less the truncation error and the more complicated the computation. For compromise, a simple, three-point accuracy progressive (AP) finite-difference scheme for numerical calculation is proposed. The major features of the AP scheme are three-point, high-order accuracy, and accuracy progressive. The lower-order scheme acts as a source term in the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *FINITE...
A coupled atmosphere-ocean model developed at the Institute for Space Studies at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (Russell et al,, 1995) was used to verify the validity of Haney-type surface thermal boundary condition, which linearly connects net downward surface heat flux Q to air / sea temperature difference DeltaT by a relaxation coefficient K. The model was initiated from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) atmospheric observations for 1 December 1977, and from the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *OCEAN...
Near-real time ocean surface currents derived from satellite altimeter (JASON-1, GFO, ENVISAT) and scatterometer (QSCAT) data on 1 degree 1 degree resolution for world oceans (60 degrees S to 60 degrees N) are available online as Ocean Surface Current Analyses Real Time (OSCAR) . The probability distribution function (PDF) of the current speeds (w), constructed from global OSCAR data from 1992 to 2008, satisfies the two-parameter Weibull distribution reasonably well, and such a PDF has little...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *OCEAN...
A coastal atmosphere-ocean coupled system (CAOCS) is developed with Princeton Ocean Model (POM) as the oceanic component, and with National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) regional climate model (RegCM2) as the atmospheric component. The model domain (98.84 121.16 E, 3.06 S 25.07 N) covers the whole SCS and surrounding land and islands. The surface fluxes of water, heat (excluding solar radiation), and momentum are applied synchronously with opposite signs in the atmosphere and ocean....
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *AIR WATER...
The second part of this work investigates the seasonal variabilities of the Japan/East Sea (JES) circulation using the U.S. Navy Generalized Digital Environmental Model (GDEM) climatological temperature and salinity dataset (public domain) on a 0.58 3 0.58 grid. A variational P-vector method was developed to invert the velocity field. The GDEM for the JES was built up on historical (1930-97) 136 509 temperature and 52 572 salinity profiles. The climatological mean and seasonal variability of...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *OCEAN...
Concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP) and PM(sub 10) in Lanzhou China have been kept high for the past two decades During intensive observational period from October 1999 to April 2001, the concentrations of TSP and PM(SUB 10)( are even increasing and becoming major air pollutants; the temporally total mean PM(SUB 10)( concentration is 2%56 mg m(exp -3)(exp -3) The rate of PM(SUB 10) polluted-day occurrence to is 71% in a year, 89% in the winter, and 79% in the spring. Starting from...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chu, Peter C, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF OCEANOGRAPHY, *AIR...
