FIRST SERIES NO. 43
FEBRUARY 15, 1921
UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
STUDIES
STUDIES IN NATURAL
HISTORY
VOLUME IX
NUMBER
QL
561
H5L75
1921
ENT
¥
THE HESPERIOIDEA OF
AMERICA NORTH
OF MEXICO
by
ARTHUR WARD LINDSEY
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY, IOWA CITY
Issued monthly throughout the year. Entered at the post offire at Iowa City, Iowa.
as second class matter. Acceptance for mailing at special rates of postage provided
for in section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917. authorized on July 3, 1918.
Ak
PLATE I
Atrytonopsis python Edw.,
Hesperia centaureae Ramb., ?
Xenophanes Iryxns Cr., cf
Hesperia ericetorum Boisd.,
Chioides zilpa Bull. *, under surface
Hesperia ericetorum Boisd., $
Hesperia philetas Edw., "
Eantis thraso Hbn., Y
Pamphila nevada Scud, V- under surface
ro. Melanthes brunnea U.S.. f
11. Pamphila comma, race Colorado Scud.. V. under surface
12 Pamphila viridis Edw., ,-■*, under surface
13. Pamphila comma, rate oregonia Edw., ?, under surface
QL
UNIVERSITY OF IOWA STUDIES
,_ ; ' IN NATURAL HISTORY
L?/)fl Professor Charles Cleveland Nutting, M.A., Editor
CONTINUATION OF BULLETIN FROM THE LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY
OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
VOLUME IX NUMBER
THE HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA
NORTH OF MEXICO
A Generic Revision and Synopsis of the Species
by
ARTHUR WARD LINDSEY, Ph.D.
iJ-
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY, IOWA CITY
THE HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA
NORTH OF MEXICO
Since the time of the early writers who were satisfied to place
their skippers in the two genera, Pampkila and Hesperia, the
classification of these insects has been in a more or less chaotic
state. The two old genera can readily be subdivided, but the
structures of the skippers which are useful in their classification
are of a peculiarly unstable character and have therefore proven
a stumbling block to those who have attempted such subdivision.
This is due to the fact that very few of our species are struo-
turally identical, as a result of which one division has led to
another until we have reached the deplorable state where, to be
consistent, we must either lump extensively or split still more
finely, with most lepidopterists in favor of the former. In the
following pages I have attempted to rearrange our species and
reorganize our genera to eliminate the confusion which has at-
tended the group in North America, while bearing in mind both
the convenience of the classification and the opinions of the
learned authors of many genera for which I have been unable to
see any necessity. Undoubtedly I have erred in some points,
especially in the case of the numerous species found in the south-
west which belong to genera more typical of the Central Ameri-
can fauna, but I believe that the examination of a more complete
collection of exotic species will clear up many obscure points for
which I have been able to offer only a tentative solution.
In the course of my work I have had occasion to ask informa-
tion of Prof. H. F. Wickham, Dr. J. McDunnough, and Dr.
Henry Skinner. Dr. Skinner has also supplied me with a num-
ber of specimens which I could not otherwise obtain, and Prof.
Wickham has lent a number of books from his private library.
Dr. Barnes of Decatur, 111., has very generously allowed me the
freedom of his fine collection and library, and also supplied me
with many specimens for study. Mr. R. A. Leussler of Omaha
(3)
4 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
has given me specimens of several species which I had been un-
able to secure, and Mr. Nathan Banks has kindly examined the
collection at Cambridge for certain material and furnished
transcripts of several necessary descriptions not in my posses-
sion. Mr. Gerhard of the Field Museum made it possible for
me to spend several profitable hours in the examination of the
Strecker collection in that institution. To all of these men I
wish to express my gratitude for their valuable assistance.
The first step toward a rational classification of the skippers
was made by Scudder in 1874 x when he proposed the division of
the family, as he regarded it, into two tribes, the Hesperides and
Astyci. These represented approximately the genera Thymele
and Pamphila of Fabricius' classification in Illiger's Magazine
in 1807. Scudder based his tribes on the secondary sexual char-
acters of the males and characters found in the early stages.
This paper was followed in 1878 by Mabille's work on the
Hesperiidae in the Brussels museum. 2 Mabille adopted the tribes
proposed by Scudder but subdivided them into several minor
groups each. Scudder later expressed his approval of these
divisions for the Hesperidi but reserved his judgment of the
Astyci. 3 Many of Mabille's groups are not represented in our
fauna; the others have been the subject of very little dispute.
In the same year there appeared a paper by Burmeister 4 in
which the family is divided into four tribes. I am familiar with
this paper only through the remarks of Scudder in the Butter-
fles of New England, but these are quite sufficient to show that
none but historic interest attaches to the rather remarkable ar-
rangement proposed.
A year after this Speyer produced a brief work 5 in Germany
wherein we find the first suggestion of the systematic importance
of the position of vein five of the primaries. This suggestion
furnished the necessary complement to Scudder 's foundation for
the major subdivisions of the skippers, which are still in use.
Nothing further of importance was done in the systematic
1 Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist. I, 195, 1874.
2 Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi, 12, 1878.
3 Butt. New Eng. n, 1372, 18.
4 Desc. Phys. Rep. Arg., Lep. 245, 1878.
6 Stett. ent. Zeit. XL, 477, 1879.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 5
study of these insects until 1893, when Watson published 6 his
"Proposed Classification of the Hesperiidae," which is prac-
tically the classification now in use. Watson divided the family
into three subfamilies, the Pyrrhopyginae, Hesperiinae and
Pamphilinae, equivalent to the Pyrrhopygini of Mabille and the
two tribes of Scudder. He further subdivided the Hesperiinae
into two groups and the Pamphilinae into three. Group C of
the Pamphilinae is wholly oriental and African. The others
correspond to the similar divisions of Scudder in part. As Wat-
son was working on the collection in the British Museum where
Megathymus was placed in the Heterocera, he merely mentioned
the genus to indicate that if placed in the Hesperiidae it would
form an additional subfamily.
At this time Godman and Salvin had been publishing for six
years parts of the three volumes on Rhopalocera of the Biologia
Centrali-Americana. The first signature on the skippers ap-
peared a few months before Watson 7 s revision, but the work was
not completed until 1901. The subfamilies are those of Watson
and the Hesperiinae are divided as in his classification, but the
Pamphilinae, worked up by Godman after Salvin 's death, are
divided into eight groups. These are not wholly acceptable, but
they suggest an improvement over the two groups of other writ-
ers. The chief systematic interest of the Biologia. lies in the
number of genera described, the excellent plates, and the great
value of the work for specific identifications.
But one other paper, Mabille 's monumental "Famille Hes-
peridae, ' ' 7 has been written on the Hesperioid fauna of the
world since the earliest times. In this work Mabille uses the
same arrangement as that of Watson, excepting the establish-
ment of the subfamily Ismeninae to take the place of Watson "s
Group C of the Pamphilinae, and the definite placing of Me-
gathymus in the subfamily Megathyminae.
There remains to be mentioned Dyar's "Review of the Hes-
periidae of the United States." 8 This brief paper is the only
one ever published on the skippers of this country, and in spite
of omissions and commissions of an unusual nature it has filled a
«Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, 3-132, pi. i-iii.
7 Genera Insectorum xvu, 1903-4.
8 Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xni, 111-141, 1905.
6 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
great need of systematic lepidopterists. It was intended, as the
name implies, merely as a synopsis of the genera and species and
follows the "Famille Hesperidae" with comparatively few
changes.
These works are the foundation of our present system of class-
ification. Many others with a wider range have contributed to
our knowledge of the skippers but in none of these is any work
of importance on the gross classification attempted.
It will be noted in the preceding sketch of the history of the
skippers that they have been treated as the family Hesperiidae,
equivalent to the several families of butterfles with which they
have been associated. This position is the only one to which
they have been widely assigned, though a number of writers have
given them superfamily rank. E. Reuter carries this a step
further and proposes a distinct suborder under the name Grypo-
cera, 9 equivalent to the Rhopalocera and Heterocera, while
Spuler does likewise, but applies the name Netrocera. 10 This re-
opens the question of suborders, for if we accept Comstock's
Frenatae and Jugatae the two older groups can no longer occupy
this rank and must be either reduced or discarded. I regard
them as natural groups though I am inclined to agree with Com-
stock's subdivision. The Rhopalocera and Heterocera may con-
veniently be designated as series. In this arrangement I cannot
accept Reuter 's Grypocera as indicative of the true relations of
the skippers, but the name is still given some use in Europe.
There are many points, however, in which the skippers show
more primitive development or peculiar uniform specialization
which distinguish them from the true butterflies, and the most
natural arrangement appears to be that of Comstock " in which
they are made a superfamily equivalent to the butterflies proper,
According to our present nomenclature this superfamily should
be known as the Hesperioidea. The following synopsis indicates
the foundation of this classification for the suborder Frenatae.
Frenatae
Series Heterocera. Antennae rarely clavate. When clavate
usually more or less pectinate or ciliate. Hind tibiae usual-
9 Act. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn. xxn.
10 Spuler, Die Schmetterlinge Europas I, 70, 1908.
11 Manual 364, 1895.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 7
ly with two pairs of spurs; front legs normal. Frenulum
present in many families. Venation of primaries general-
ized or characteristically specialized. Pupa loose in cocoon,
earthen cell or plant tissues. Superfamilies Sphingoidea,
Saturnioidea, Bombycoidea and Tineoidea.
Series Rhopalocera. Antennae usually strongly clavate ; nev-
er pectinate or ciliate.
Superfamily Hesperioidea : Pupa suspended in a slight
cocoon. Hind tibiae rarely with less than two pairs of
spurs; front legs normal. Frenulum absent. Primaries
with twelve veins, all free. (All five branches of radius
present and from cell according to Comstock's system.)
Superfamily Papilionoidea : Pupa naked, usually suspend-
ed from silken attachments and specialized for conceal-
ment. Hind tibiae with only the terminal pair of spurs;
front legs in higher families greatly reduced. Frenulum
absent. Primaries with less than twelve veins or with
some stalked.
In the Hesperioidea we have two families, the Hesperiidae and
Megathymidae. The second includes only the genera Megathy-
mus and Aegiale, and is equivalent to the subfamily of other
writers. The first includes all other skippers. The Megathymi-
dae are very closely related to the Pamphilinae, and some stu-
dents regard them as a highly specialized branch from the same
parent stock. The fact that the boring habit of the larvae is
apparently acquired lends color to this opinion, but I cannot
regard the small head as a necessary accompaniment of the bor-
ing habit. Rather than assume an elaborate process of evolution
for the reduction of such a specialization as the large head, I
regard the Megathymidae as a line separated from the parent
stock of the Pamphilinae before the increase in size of the head,
and proceeding by parallel development to a point of higher
specialization of similar structures.
The three subfamilies of Hesperiidae are easily distinguished,
apparently natural groups. The only question regarding them
is that of relative position, and the present arrangement of the
Hesperiinae between the Pamphilinae and Papilionoidea is favor-
ed by most of the evidence, though in the structure of the imago
8 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
they are more primitive than the Pamphilinae. The close rela-
tionship of the Pyrrhopyginae with the Hesperiinae and of the
Megathymidae with the Pamphilinae leads to their being placed
at the beginning and end of the superfamily respectively. The
result is a linear series which is not entirely satisfactory, but
since no linear series can represent true phylogenetic relations
this must be accepted as the best possible, and it does, at least,
correctly indicate the general relations of the several major
divisions.
The separation of genera has been the most troublesome phase
of the study of skippers since Hubner's classification was first
amplified. I have come to the conclusion that the intermediate
position of the group, together with the apparently transitional
state of many of the structures, is accompanied by a greater
blending of forms than has been recognized in the past, and that
the normal genus may present a wide variation of structure,
provided that a transition between the extremes be present in the
included species. This is nicely illustrated by Thanaos, Hesperia
and Poanes (sensu B. & McD., Check List). In Thanaos we
have a group of insects of very similar habitus which no one has
ever divided, but within the genus are to be found differences
in structure which have been made to separate three genera in
other cases. The neuration, shape of the wings, palpi and sec-
ondary sexual characters very nearly run the gamut of variation
found in Group B of the Hesperiinae. Hesperia is similar but
shows an even greater range of variation in the antennal club,
shape of the wings, and in the palpi. In fact this variation is so
great as to occasion some doubt of its unity, but it is impossible
to divide the genus without separating some species whose rela-
tionship is apparent.
The matter of secondary sexual characters as a basis for the
separation of genera is the greatest bugbear of systematists in
this family. Godman and Salvin and Mabille have contributed
abundantly to the confusion of genera so based, and in many
cases these genera cannot be separated by other means. As far
as I am aware the only definite stand taken upon the question is
that expressed by Watson in his revision.* He says: "With
* Since writing this I have found a quotation from Dr. P. L. Sclater by Col. C.
Swinhoe in defense of genera based on secondary sexual characters (Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist, (vn), in, 108, 1899).
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 9
regard to the vexed question of the generic importance of male
secondary sexual characters, the conclusion which has been
forced upon me is that, in any particular genus in which male
secondary sexual characters are found, the particular male char-
acter (be it costal fold, discal stigma, or tuft of hairs) may be
either present or absent in different species of that same genus,
but is never replaced by a character of different structure."
This seems by far the most satisfactory attitude to adopt,
though it is necessary to understand that in cases such as
Thanaos and Hesperia two or three such characters may be pres-
ent or absent in various combinations in the several species. In
my work, rather than carry the splitting of genera further, I
have unhesitatingly followed Watson's conclusion. This has re-
sulted in the dropping of a number of familiar genera, but I
think that once we are accustomed to the change it will render
our classification more convenient and more useful, as well as
more natural. Some change is demanded for the sake of con-
sistency, and since our genera have already been carried beyond
the point of usefulness, "lumping" is the only desirable change.
The structures of systematic value in the Hesperioidea are
found in all parts of the body. The size of the head serves to
distinguish the two families, and its appendages, the palpi and
antennae, offer a means of separating many genera. The palpi
vary in length and position and the relative size of the second
and third joints is useful, but it is necessary to look at all of
these things in a general way. For example, in Pholisora as
here treated we find great variation in the vestiture of the palpi
and in the relative length of the third joint, but throughout the
genus long palpi with smooth deep scaly vestiture, an oblique
second joint and a porrect third joint with long scales are pres-
ent. Thanaos has palpi of a similar form but with shaggy vesti-
ture. The third joint in some genera is long, slender and ver-
tical.
The antennae have a characteristic slender tip which has been
aptly termed the apiculus. This varies from the tiny point
found in Pamphila to the long one of Goniurm, and has been
entirely lost in some genera. This modification has apparently
taken place by two distinct lines of evolution, first the loss of the
apiculus by gradual reduction and second by the thickening and
10 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
fusion of the structure with the club. The first has apparently
taken place in the Pamphilinae and the second in the Hesper-
iinae. The relation of the length of the apiculus to the thickness
of the club has been used extensively to separate certain genera
of the Pamphilinae but I find that its value is limited. It is
variable in most species, and only where extremely short or ex-
tremely long is this variation negligible. In such species as
verna the apiculus is sometimes longer and sometimes shorter
than the thickness of the club and is always difficult to measure
with satisfactory accuracy. The length of the entire antennae
measured in proportion to some other part of the insect is useful
to distinguish a few genera of our fauna.
The legs offer three important characters, viz., the presence or
absence of the epiphysis on the front tibiae, the presence or ab-
sence of spines on the mid tibiae and to a certain extent their
form, and the number of pairs of spurs on the hind tibiae. The
epiphysis does not concern us in a study of the North American
fauna and the spurs on the hind tibiae characterize only one
genus, but the spinulation of the mid tibiae is useful in several
cases and in spite of some evidence to the contrary, I believe that
it is a good character, at least to the extent used in this paper.
The wings vary greatly in shape, sometimes in a striking way,
as in Eantis, Systasea and Goniunis. In certain others, as Atry-
tonopsis, they have a distinctive form which is less useful because
less pronounced in the female and difficult to characterize. The
neuration is of comparatively little use beyond a few conspicuous
features, for it is impossible to pick a reasonably long series of
related species without finding some transition in all of the
salient features. In spite of this I have made use of the position
of vein 11 of the primaries to separate Chiomara from Thanaos,
but in this case there seem to be other grounds, and the one vein
furnishes a convenient and apparently reliable corollary. The
distance between the bases of veins 6 and 7 of the primaries of
Pholisora is greater than in most other genera. The relation of
vein 5 to 4 and 6 in the primaries distinguishes the Megathy-
midae and most Pamphilinae from the other skippers, and helps
to separate some genera. The position of veins 2 and 3 of the
primaries is another character which must be used with caution,
for these veins vary in closely related species and can be depend-
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 11
ed upon only in extreme cases. The neuration of the second-
aries is scarcely worthy of notice, though some exotic genera are
characterized by the presence of vein 5, which is usually absent
or very weak.
The abdomen is of little service, though it aids in distinguish-
ing the genera of group A of the Pamphilinae from certan Hes-
periinae in that it projects beyond the secondaries in the former
and scarcely reaches their anal angle in the latter.
The male secondary sexual characters in the Hesperiinae con-
sist of the costal fold on the primaries, tuft (always proximal
in our species) on the hind tibiae, tuft on the upper surface of
the secondaries and the two lobes found at the base of the abdo-
men on its ventral surface in Hesperia. In the Pamphilinae the
only form found in the North American fauna is the brand or
stigma on the disk of the primaries. While I agree with Wat-
son's treatment of these characters I believe that the great dif-
ference in form between some of the stigmata indicates suffi-
ciently different development of the species possessing them to
warrant their generic separation. Fortunately in our fauna this
character can be supplemented by others. It is necessary to
guard agains splitting on this basis, for many stigmata which
are superficially different may easily be seen to follow in their
fundamental structure a single type.
The genitalia, especially of the males, are of great value in
making specific determinations, and similarity of genitalia often
affords an index of generic relationship. I have found several
apparent contradictions to the latter statement, and am there-
fore inclined to use it very cautiously until more is known about
the skippers, but still I hesitate to include in the same genus
species whose genitalia are of widely different forms.
In attempting to work out the phylogeny of our existing
speces I have come to the conclusion that the subfamily Ismeni-
nae, made up entirely of old world species, represents the most
primitive existing form. The entire subfamily is characterized
by the upturned, appressed second joint of the palpi, very sim-
ilar to that of the Hesperiinae of group A, and the long, porrect
third joint which is unique. The antennae have a short shaft
and a long, moderately thick club with a long apiculus which
12 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
is never sharply recurved. The hind tibiae of the males are
provided with a tuft attached at the proximal end and lying
along the upper edge of the joint in a groove formed of strong
scales. Vein five of the primaries is intermediate between veins
four and six. From these structures we may assume that the
immediate ancestors of the skippers had antennae enlarged at
some distance proximad of the distal end, leaving the terminal
portion slender, and that vein five of the primaries in these
insects had not yet formed a definite connection with either of
the adjacent veins. From such forms evolution has proceeded
with the permanent reflection of the apiculus by either a curve
or a sharp bend. (I can construe the reflexed club of the Pyr-
rhopyginae only as a further development of the Hesperiid an-
tenna, though this does not seem a satisfactory explanation),
[n addition the apiculus has been reduced as already mentioned
and various slight specializations have taken place. The wings
of the Hesperiinae have changed only in the variably complete
loss of vein five of the secondaries and the lengthening of the
cell in group A, while in the Pamphilinae vein five" of the pri-
maries, has formed a definite connection with the median stem
(English system; cubitus of Comstock and Needham), as also is
the case with the Megathymidae. Following these lines I have
drawn up the following diagram which I believe will indicate
better than a written discussion the relations and phylogeny of
the genera used in this work. The arrangement undoubtedly
has its faults, but I believe that it corrects a number of features
of former arrangements which were more or less unnatural. In
the main it adheres to the order of genera, which has been in
common use.
Superfamily HESPERIOIDEA
Antennae clavate, in a few genera with the club very slender.
Club usually with a slender tip called the apiculus. Palpi
variable, usually relatively large and thick, upturned to porrect.
Head wide, eyes large and far apart, lashed. Insertion of an-
tennae near eyes. Body stout, slender in a few genera. Wings
relatively smaller than in the Papilionoidea and with very strong
venation in most genera, Primaries with twelve veins, all free;
cell open or weakly closed. One anal. Secondaries with eight
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA
13
■Pyrrhopyginae
1
O
>
O
cd
— Phocides
— Polygonus
— Naseus
— Proteides
— Epargyreus
— Goniurus
— Chioides
— Codatractus
— Telegonus
— Achalarus
— Cecropterus
— Thorybea
— Cabares
— Phoedinus
— Cogia
■ — Plestia
-Timochares
-Grais
-Thanaos
-Chiomara
-Melanthes
-Xenophanes
-Eantis
-Systasea
-Pholisora
-Hesperia
-Carterocephalus
— Butleria
A
a
— Ancyloxypha
Oarisma
— Adopaea
— Copaeodes
Chaerephon
— Pamphila
— Hylephila
— Atalopedes
— Augiades
— Polites
— Catia
— Poanes
— Atrytone
— Atrytonopsis
— Oligoria
— Ijerema
— Mastor
— Amblyscirtes
— Epiphyes
— Lerodea
— Thespieus
— Calpodes
— Prenes
■MEGATHYMIDAE
14 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
or nine veins, five usually absent ; cell open. Two anals. Front
legs normal, tibiae usually with the epiphysis present (in all
North American genera). Middle legs with: one pair of spurs
on the tibiae and with or without spines. Hind legs with two
pairs of spurs, or with only the distal pair in some genera.
The two families are based on the following characters:
Family HESPERIIDAE : Head nearly as wide to wider than
thorax. Hind tibiae usually with two pairs of spurs. Pal-
pi moderate to large. Larvae external plant feeders.
Family MEGATHYMIDAE : Head narrower than thorax.
Hind tibiae with one pair of spurs. Palpi rather small.
Larvae borers in plant stems. Imagines larger than most
Hesperiidae, heavy bodied and strong of flight.
Family HESPERIIDAE
Characters of the superfamily, distinguished from the Me-
gatJiynvidae as shown in the preceding synopsis. The North
American species fall into three subfamilies which may be sep-
arated by the following key, which also deals with the groups
into which the subfamilies are divided.
Key to subfamilies and groups
1. Club of antennae large, entirely reflexed. . . . pybrhopyginae
Club variable, never entirely reflexed 2
2. Vein 5 of primaries not curved at base, usually about inter-
mediate between 4 and 6. Mid tibiae without spines
HESPERIINAE 3
Vein 5 curved at base, arising nearer to 4, or with the mid
tibiae spined pamphilinae 4
3. Cell of primaries more than two-thirds as long as wing or
antennae with a slender reflexed or recurved apiclus
Group A
Cell two-thirds or less. Club curved, blunt or fusiform, but
never with a slender apiculus Group B
4. Vein 5 intermediate, straight. Club blunt. Palpi porrect
Group A
Vein 5 curved at base, nearer to 4. Palpi not porreclt.
Group B of authors 5
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 15
5. Third joint of palpi long slender and vertical Antennae
short with the club blunt Group B
Third joint small or antennae with a slender apiculus
Group C
Cell of primaries two-thirds as long as wing, usually with a
recurrent vein or a vestige of it Group D
Subfamily PYRRHOPYGINAE
This subfamily includes a large number of South and Central
American species of which only one, araxes, occurs within our
territory. The large antennal club, bent back along the shaft
or recurved, is typical of all the species. In other respects their
structure agrees to a great extent with that found in group A
of the Hesperiinae. The cell of the primaries is apically pro-
duced with the discocellulars outwardly concave, and is about
two-thirds as long as the wing. The discocellulars are weak, but
clearly traceable. Vein 5 is approximately intermediate in the
primaries, and absent in the secondaries, though found in a few
exotic genera.
Araxes has been included in the genus Pyrrlwpyge by all writ-
ers with whose works I am familiar, but the difference in habitus
and the form of the secondaries have led me to remove it. Wat-
son's diagnosis of his genus Microceris (P. Z. S. 1893, 15) dif-
fers m only a few points from the structures of araxes, but the
type, variicolor, judging by the original description and figure,
is not at all closely related. I am therefore basing a new genus
on the points of difference between araxes and Watson's de-
scription of Microceris.
Genus APYRROTHRIX gen. nov.
Similar to Pyrrlwpyge. Differs from that genus in the more
gently curved costa and more prominent apex of the primaries
and the form of the secondaries. In Pyrrlwpyge these appear
to be longer through the cell than along the inner margin, and
the outer margin is even or slightly concave between veins 2 and
7. The abdomen usually equals or surpasses the anal angle of
the secondaries. In araxes the secondaries are broad and full,
and surpass the abdomen. The outer margin is deeply crenu-
late, produced between veins 2 and 4 in the male and conspicu-
16
IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Fig. 1. Apyrrothrix araxes
Hew. a. Club of antenna, b.
Neuration
ously so in the female. According to
Watson veins 7 and 8 of the primaries
of variicolor are short stalked, while in
araxes they are free. Watson 's figure of
the neuration of his genus differs in a
few points in the secondaries also, and on
the whole the relationship seems to be
rather with the typical species of Pyrr-
hopyge than with araxes. Fig.l.
Type: Erycides araxes Hew.
1. APYRROTHRIX ARAXES
Erycides araxes Hewitson, Desc. Hesp. 2, 1867.
Pyrrhopyga eyrillus Plotz, Stett. ent. Zeit, XL,
529, 1879.
Biologia Cent.-Am., Rhop. n , 252, pi. 73, ff 14,
15, 16, 1893.
Holland, Butterfly Book 319, pi. xlv, f. 9,
1898.
Mexico. I have two bred specimens
from southern Arizona which are very
close to araxes but the typical form is not known to occur north
of the boundary.
la. race ARIZONAE
Pyrrhopyge araxes, form arizonae G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 253,
1893.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 201, pi. x, 1911.
Dark marks on under surface of secondaries not well defined, suffused
with ochreous. Outer margin of ochreous area diffuse.
Arizonae occurs in Arizona in August and September.
Subfamily HESPERIINAE
Structure very diverse but always showing the characters
mentioned in the key. Antennae varying in length, club flat-
tened oval to extremely long and slender, with the distal half
or less reflexed or recurved. Palpi with the second joint closely
appressed and the third minute to long, large and porrect. Neu-
ration fairly constant. Branches of radius variable in position.
Vein 5 straight and about intermediate between 4 and 6, 2 varia-
ble. Secondaries with position of 7 variable and vein 5 absent
to weakly tubular at its outer end (Thanaos, some specimens),
HESPERIOIDEA OP AMERICA 17
usually marked by a fold. Mid tibiae without spines. Two
pairs of spurs present on the hind tibiae in our genera. Sec-
ondary sexual characters of the males: costal fold, tibial tuft,
tuft on secondaries, and basal lobes on under surface of abdo-
men.
GROUP A
Group A is more widely represented in South and Central
America, and a number of our species are merely strays from
more southern localities. The genera have been very incon-
sistently treated in the past, and I am lumping a few of them
which show a complete lack of constant structural differences
with the exception of the costal fold. Several such as Cecrop-
terns and Tlwrybes are very closely related but because of the
very distinct form of the male genitalia I am retaining them,
based on such characters as will serve for their separation. The
group is distinguished by the length of the cell and the form
of the antennal club.
Key to the genera
1. L. D. C. of primaries very long and curved Phocides
L. D. C. normal 2
2. Apiculus of antennae longer than rest of club, straight and
sharply bent at base Nascus
Apiculus otherwise 3
3. Primaries with a tubular, or at least well marked, recurrent
vein in cell 4
Recurrent vein scarcely traceable or absent 9
4. Antennae with a distinct, slender, reflexed apiculus 5
Antennal club fusiform, more or less elongate ; arcuate or
with a well rounded bend at middle 7
5. Secondaries tailed Goniurus
Secondaries not tailed 6
6. Apiculus sharply bent; primaries apically produced
Proti idi s
Apiculus recurved; apex of primaries modera,te..E pargijn us
7. Recurrent vein nearer vein 4 than vein 3 8
Recurrent vein nearer 3 Chwides
18 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
8. Outer margin of secondaries slightly crenulate. .Codatractus
Outer margin even Telegonus
9. Club of antennae large, fusiform Plestia
Club more slender, with a distinct apiculus 10
10. Apiculus much shorter than rest of club, bent at about a
right angle H
Apiculus about as long as rest of club, usually sharply re-
flexed or recurved 13
11. Secondaries lobed Polygowus
Secondaries broadly rounded or merely produced at anal
angle 12
12. $ with a tuft of scales on upper surface of hind wings;
palpi moderate Cogia
No tuft. Palpi exceeding front by about length of head
Phoedinus
13. Vein la of secondaries about two-thirds as long as lb. Pri-
maries with a broad yellow band Cecropterus
Vein la longer. Primaries with spots or a broken yellow
band 14
14. Outer margin of secondaries broadly rounded; of primaries
slightly and almost evenly convex Thorybes
Outer margin of secondaries more or less produced and
angled at lb; of primaries slightly sinuate Achalarus
Out or margin of secondaries with a slight truncate lobe
between veins 3 and 4 Cabaret
Genus PHOCIDES Hiibner
Phocides Hbn., Verz. bek. Schmett. 103, 1820. Type PapiUo
palemon Cr.
Ery rides Hbn., Verz. bek. Schmett, 110, 1820. Type Papilw
pygmalion Cr.
Bysenius Scudder, Syst. Rev. 46 (67), 1872. Type Ery tides
albicilla H. S.
Palpi oblique, vestiture smooth, deep and scaly; third joint
small. Antennae with club rather long, moderately thick; api-
culus not more than one-half as long as rest of club, very slender
and abruptly bent. Primaries shaped as in Goniuriis, with a
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 19
costal fold in the male. Cell over two-thirds as
long as wing. Vein 5 nearer to 6 than to 4 ; L.
D. C. long and strongly curved. Vein 3 near
end of cell and 2 well toward base of wing. Re-
current vein faint, at base of vein 4. Secondaries
produced toward anal angle with outer margin
sharply bent at lb but not lobed. Outer margin
only slightly irregular. Phocides is easily rec-
ognized by the general habitus of the species
when once seen. Fig. 2.
The action of former writers in combining
these three genera was undoubtedly correct,
though some slight differences of structure exist
between the species occurring in our country. Fig 2 Phocides ba .
tabano Lucas.
Key to the Species Neuration.
Primaries immaculate, black batabano
Primaries with a red spot above lilea
Primaries with hyaline white spots urania
1. PHOCIDES BATABANO
Eudamus batabano Lucas, Sagra, Hist. Cuba, vn, 624, 1857.
Erycides mancinus H.-S., Corr.-Blatt Eegensb. xvi, 143, 1862.
Erycides okeechobee Worthington, Papilio i, 133, 1881.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 199, pi. x, 1911.
Florida, March and April.
2. PHOCIDES LILEA
Erycides lilea Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 339.
Erycides albicilla H. S., Corr-Blatt Regensb. xxm, 169, 1869.
Erycides socius Butl. & Druce, Cist. Ent. I, 112, 1872.
Dy senilis cruentu-s Seud., Syst. Rev. 46(67), 1872.
Erycides sanguinea Scud., Syst. Rev. 47(68), 1872.
Erycides decolor Mab., Bull. Soc. Ent. France 1880, xlvi.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. II, 296, pi. 76, ff. 23, 24, 1893.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 199, 1911.
The only specimen which I have seen bears the label ' ' Colima,
Mex." Skinner lists a Texas record by Capt. Pope in the Mex-
ican Boundary Survey.
3. PHOCIDES URANIA
Erycides urania Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. 510, pi. 79, f. 1, 1852.
Erycides texana Scud., Syst. Rev. 47(68), 1872.
20 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Skinner, Ent. News I, 23, 1890, and it, 101, pi. 1, 1891.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 198, 1911.
Texas, Arizona and southward.
Genus NASCUS Watson
Naseus Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, 28, Type Pa-
pilio phocus Cr.
Watson characterized this genus as follows : ' ' Antennae :
club rather robust, bent into a hook, terminal portion very
slender and rather longer than rest
of club. Palpi upturned, third joint
almost concealed. Fore wing : outer
margin very much longer than inner
margin, the apex being very conspicu-
ously produced ; cell more than two-
thirds the length of costa; male with
a^b 3 of A aXfna"T s oS V e of a costal f old ; discocellulars very
primary oblique, the lower one slightly the
longer ; vein 3 shortly before end of cell ; vein 2 close to base of
wing. Hind wing anally produced, and with an inconspicuous
tooth at vein lb ; vein 7 close to end of cell ; discocellulars and
vein 5 barely traceable ; vein 3 immediately before the end of the
cell; vein 2 considerably nearer to end of cell than to base of
wing. Hind tibiae with a long fringe of coarse hairs and with
two pairs of spurs. ' ' In our fauna the very long apiculus sepa-
rates this genus from all others. Fig. 3.
1. NASCUS HESUS
Telegonus hesus Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. II, pi. 78, f. 5, 1852.
? Papilio nidas Fab., Mant. Ins. II, 86, 1787.
? Eudamus etias Hew., Desc. Hesp. 13, 1867.
Aaron, Ent. News i, 25, 1890 and n, 101, pi. 1, 1891.
Eudamus euribates Skinner (not Cramer) Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn,
191, pi. x, 1911.
Mexico to Brazil; Skinner includes Texas, following Aaron, presumably.
I have compared Cramer's, Westwood and Hewitson's and
Skinner's figures, and find that the two latter agree very well,
but that, even allowing for the poor quality of Cramer's figure,
they can hardly be euribates Cramer. I have no data on the
occurrence of the species in this country.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 21
Genus POLYGONUS Hiibner
Polygonus Hbn., Samral. exot. Schmett. n, t. 144, 1822-6. Type
Polygon us lividus Hbn.
Acolastus Scud., Syst. Rev. 50, 1872. Type Hesperia savigwy
Latr.
Nennius Kirby, Wytsman's Hubner 105, 1902. New name for
Polygonus and Acolastus.
Second joint of palpi appressed, densely scaled ; third porrect,
small. Reflexed apiculus abruptly constricted, about one-half
as long as rest of club. Head slightly
wider than thorax. Primaries narrow,
costa evenly curved, inner margin nearly
straight and outer sharply curved oppo-
site cell; no fold in male. Cell three-
quarters as long as wing; vein 5 about Pig. 4. Polygonus amyntas
^ . ' . Fab. a. Club of antenna, b.
equidistant between 4 and b ; spur vein Neuration of primary
scarcely traceable, nearer to 3. Second-
aries broadly rounded, lobed at anal angle. Fig. 4.
According to Scudder (Hist. Sk. 253) Polygonus was pre-
occupied by Polygona in the Mollusea. Acolastus was preoccu-
pied in the Coleoptera, a fact which was overlooked for many
years, and Kirby offered Nennius to replace it, According to
the current international rules of zoological nomenclature a dif-
ference of one letter is sufficient to validate a generic name, so
Polygonus cannot be regarded as preoccupied, and therefore
must be retained for amyntas.
1. POLYGONUS AMYNTAS
Papilio amyntas Fab., Syst. Ent. 533, 1775.
Polygonus lividus Hbn., Samml. exot. Schmett. n, t. 144, 1822-26.
Hesperia savigny, Latr., Enc. Meth. ix, 741, 1823.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 200, pi. X, 1911.
The typical form is very dark. It occurs in Florida in Aug. and Sept.
la. race ARIZONENSIS
Erycides amyntas arizonensis Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 209,
pi. x, 1911.
The western race of amyntas is paler than the typical form,
both above and below, and the pale transverse bands of the sec-
ondaries are faintly visible on the upper surface. Texas and
Arizona, September.
22
IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Genus PROTEIDES Hiibner
Proteides Hbn., Verz. bek. Schmett. 104, 1820. Type Papilio
idas Cr.
Dicranaspes Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi, 24, 1878. Type
Papilio idas Cramer.
Proteides is very close to Epargyreus, and I think that with a
large series of the tropical species the two genera will be found
to be scarcely worthy of separation. In our fauna, however, the
sharply constricted and reflexed apiculus and the narrow, apic-
ally produced primaries of Proteides are very distinctive. The
male has no costal fold. Fig. 5.
1. PROTEIDES IDAS
Papilio idas Cramer, Pap. Exot. in, 118, p. cclix, A, B, 1779-80.
Papilio mercurius Fab., Mant. Ins. n, 86, 1787.
Biol. Cent. -Am., Ehop. II, 301, pi. 77, f. 5, gen., 1893.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 194, 1911.
Occurs in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. I have no further data.
Genus EPARGYREUS Hiibner
Epargyreus Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 105, 1820. Type Pa-
pilio tityrus Fab.
Second joint of palpi closely appressed, densely clothed with
scales in which the small third joint is almost concealed. An-
tennae about one-half as long as the
primaries, club more or less sharply
curved at the middle. Head not quite
as wide as thorax. Primaries elong-
ate, rather narrow ; outer and inner
margins about equal in length, outer
slightly more oblique but otherwise
similar to Goniurus. Costal fold pres-
ent. Cell three-quarters as long as
wing ; vein 5 slightly nearer to 4 than
to 6. Recurrent vein nearer to vein
3. Vein 1 strongly sinuate. Secon-
daries rounded, lobed at anal angle.
Fig. 5.
The primaries are longer and nar-
rower in exadeus than in zestos and tityrus, and the apiculus of
Fig. 5. a. Club of antenna of E.
zestos Greyer, b. Club of antenna
of P. idas Cramer, c. Neuration
of E. tityrus Fab.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 23
the antennae shows a tendency to be more slender and more
sharply bent. This has led me to the conclusion stated under
Proteides that the two genera are possibly not distinct.
Key to the species
1. Under surface of secondaries with a silky white patch 2
No silky white on secondaires zestos
2. Spots of primaries deep yellow and usually broadly contiguous. tityrus
Spots small and widely separated, or if larger, very pale yellow . exadeus
1. EPARGYREUS ZESTOS
Proteides zestos Geyer, Zutr. exot. Schmett. IV, 9, t. 106, ff. 615, 616, 1832.
Eudamus oberon Worthington, Papilio I, 132, 1881.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 193, 1911.
Florida, August and September.
2. EPARGYREUS TITYRUS
Papilio tityrus Fab., Syst. Ent. 532, 1775.
Papilio clarus Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, 66, pi. xli, E, F, 1775.
Holland, Butterfly Book 323, pi. xliii, f. 5, 1898.
Smyth, Ent. News XIX, 191, pi. X, 1908.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 192, 1911.
Ranges throughout the United States and into southern Can-
ada and South America. June to August.
ab. OBLITERATUS
Epargyreus tityrus obliteratus Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1402, 1889.
Only three small, rounded spots in place of the discal band, and only one
small preapical spot. Silver on under surface of secondaries more exten-
sive than usual.
3. EPARGYREUS EXADEUS
Papilio exadeus Cramer, Pap. Exot. in, 118, pi. cclx, C, 1779-80.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 299, pi. 77, f. 1, gem, 1893.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 194, pi. x, 1911.
Southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, March.
Genus GONIURUS Hiibner
Gomurus Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, 104, 1820. Type Papilio
simplicius Stoll.
Eudamus Swainson, Zool. 111. (2), n, 48, 1831-2. Type Papilio
proteus Linn.
? Pohjthrix Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, 19. Type
Eudamus metallescens Mabille.
24
IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Second joint of palpi closely appressed, third porrect, small.
Antennae a little over one-half as long as primaries, club slender,
apiculus shorter and distinctly more slender than remainder.
Primaries broad and short; outer margin evenly rounded to
slightly sinuate, about as long as
inner; costa evenly rounded, rela-
tively short, without fold in one
///2^\ species. Cell two-thirds as long as
wing; vein 5 slightly nearer to 4
than to 6. Secondaries with anal
angle produced into a long tail;
outer margin slightly excavated op-
posite cell and before tail, some-
times slightly crenulate. Fig. 6.
The above description is taken
from simplicius and eurycles. Pro-
teus has a longer cell as shown in
the figure and both proteus and
Pig. 6. Goniwus. a. Palpus of sim- dorantes have relatively shorter
plicius Stoll. b. Club of antennae of
simpiiciMs stoii. c. Neuration of pro- antennae. It may prove desirable
teus Linn
to use Eudamus for these two
species, but without knowing more of the related Central Amer-
ican fauna I cannot make a satisfactory decision on this point.
Of the other three North American species which I here remove
from Goniurus I feel that albofasciatus and zilpa warrant the
establishment of a new genus, and that the relationship of alceus
to melon, in spite of its tailed secondaries, is too close to be dis-
regarded.
Key to the species
1. Upper surface with shining green hairs proteus
Without green hairs 2
2. Fringes checkered; spots not united to form a straight band, .dor antes
Fringes not checkered ; band usually present 3
3. Band always present; no costal fold in male; outer margin of primar-
ies slightly sinuate eurycles
Band sometimes broken or even absent; male with fold; outer margin
slightly convex simplicius
1. GONIURUS PROTEUS
Papilio proteus Linn., Syst. Nat. I, 484, 1758.
Seudder, Butt . New Eng., n, 1386, 1889.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Bhop. II, 277, pi. 75, f. 5, gen., 1893.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 25
Holland, Butterfly Book 321, pi. xlv, f. 6, 1898.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 194, 1911.
Florida and Georgia, August to October. Arizona and Texas,
June and July. Dr. Skinner gives the range as New York to
the Gulf and southward through Mexico and Central America.
2. GOXIURUS DOR ANTES
Papilio dorantes Stoll, Pap. Exot., Supp., 172, pi. xxxix, f. 9, 1790.
Eudamus amisus Hew., Desc. Hesp. 5, 1867.
Eudamus protillus H.-S., Corr.-Blatt Regensb. xxm, 171, 1869.
Biol. Cent. -Am., Rhop. n, 278, pi. 75, f. 7, $ gen., 1893.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 197, 1911.
Southern California, Mexico.
2a. race BAUTERBERGI
Eudamus protillus var. rauterbergi Skinner, Ent. News vi, 113, 1895.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 197, 1911.
Skinner says that this form is ' ' smaller and very much darker
than protillus; the fringes are far less marked, and the tails
lack the admixture of light hairs."
Texas, Arizona and southward ; July and September.
3. GONIURUS SIMPLICIUS
Papilio simplieius Stoll, Pap. Exot., Supp., 171, pi. xxxix, f. 6, 1790.
Biol. Cent.-Am. Rhop. n, 270, pi. 75, f. 1, $ gen., 1893.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 196, 1911.
Some females can scarcely be told from eurycles, but usually
the obsolescence of the hyaline marks of the primaries and the
slightly different shape of the wings enable one to recognize
the species. The males are readily identified by the costal fold.
Texas, March and October.
4. GONIURUS EURYCLES
Eesperia eurycles Latr., Enc. Meth. ix, 730, 1823.
Skinner, Ent. News xn, 171, 1901.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 197, pi. X, 1911.
I have eurycles from Guatemala, taken in April, and from
Colombia taken in November, but aside from Dr. Skinner's note
in the Entomological News I have seen no records of its occur-
rence north of Mexico.
Genus CHIOIDES gen. nov.
Palpi large, porrect; second joint deeply scaled, third strong,
26 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
conspicuous. Antennae less than one-half as long as primaries,
club relatively smaller and thicker than in Goniurus, and more
broadly curved, with the apiculus less distinct. Primaries with
the apex subtruneate, outer margin concave below apex. Cell
about three-fourths as long as wing; recurrent vein nearer to
vein 3 than to vein 4 ; bases of 3 and 4 much farther apart than
K. D. C. and L. D. C. combined. Costal fold present in our
species. Fig. 7.
Type: Eudamus albofascmtus Hewitson.
Catillus, a Central American species, and albofasciahis are
very closely related, and agree in the form of the male genitalia.
.Zilpa differs somewhat in the form of the wings and the male
genitalia, but on the whole it is apparently related to the other
species, and with them distinct from Goniu-rus. The difference
is scarcely greater than between proteus and simplicius.
1. CHIOIDES ALBOFASCIATUS
Eudamus albofasciatus Hew., Desc. Hesp. 3, 1867.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 280, pi. 75, f. 11, $ gen., 1893.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 197, 1911.
Texas, March. Arizona, July and September. Distinguished from zilpa
by the long narrow white band on the under surface of the secondaries.
2. CHIOIDES ZILPA (Plate I, Fig. 5)
Goniurus zilpa Butler, Lep. Exot. 109, t. XL, f.. 2, 1872.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Bhop. II, 279, pi. 75, f 8, $ gen., 1893.
Patagonia Mts., Arizona, May. Kerrville, Tex., September.
Genus CODATRACTUS nom. nov.
Heteropia Mabille, Le Nat. 1889, 68. Type Heteropia imitatrix
Mab. Preoccupied in sponges by
Heteropia Carter, Ann. &Mag. Nat.
Hist. (5), xvm, 47, 1886.
Structure in general similar to
Chioides but with veins 3 and 4 of the
primaries not so far apart at their
bases as the combined length of the
two discocellulars and the recurrent
vein nearer to 4 than to 3. The an-
Fig. 7. Chioides zilpa Butler, a. , i 1 1 ■ j? • c
Detail of neuration end of cell of temial Club IS IUSlIOrm, more Or leSS
primaries, c. Club of antenna, e. i i ■, .-, •■,-,-,■,
Paipus. codatractus ulceus Hew. sharply bent near the middle but with
b. Detail of neuration, end of cell xl -i • , i ,■ -i • n> , . -,
of primary, d. club of antenna, the distal portion not differentiated.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 27
Outer margin of primaries slightly sinuate ; no costal fold in male
of melon; I have not seen a male of alcaeus. Fig. 7.
To place such a strongly tailed species as alcaeus with a species
in which the secondaries are merely angled is radical, but a study
of related Central American species has led me to believe that
in this case, at least, it is justified. Alcaeus agrees with melon
very closely in structure, and the male genitalia of the two
species are very similar.
1. CODATRACTUS ALCAEUS
Eudamus alcaeus Hew., Desc. Hesp. 3, 1867.
Skinner, Ent. News xn, 171, 1901.
My only specimen is a female from Mexico, and I have seen
no others. The reference to the Entomological News is the only
record of its occurrence in the United States with which I am
familiar.
2. CODATRACTUS MELON
Heteropia melon Godman & Salvin, Biol. Cent.-Am., Khop. n, 297, pi. lxxvt,
g. 26, 27, 1893.
The typical form of melon is not known to occur north of Mexico.
2a. race ABIZONENSIS
Heteropia melon var. arizonensis Skinner, Ent. News xvi, 232, 1905.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvil, 186, pi. X, 1911.
Baboquivari Mts., Ariz., July.
Differs from true melon in the whiter marginal area of the secondaries
below.
Genus TELEGONUS Hubner
Telegonus Hubner, Verz. bek. Sehmett. 104, 1820, Type Papilio
anaphus Cramer.
Palpi oblique, third joint distinct. Antennae with a long
slender tapering club, not sharply bent but curved at the middle.
Primaries broad, outer margin equal to inner; costa slightly
curved, without a fold in the male ; outer margin very slightly
sinuate. Secondaries produced and angled at lb ; outer margin
straight from vein 7 to the anal angle. Cell of primaries about
two-thirds as long as wing, discocellulars very oblique; vein 5
slightly nearer to vein 4 than to vein 6 ; recurrent vein near 4 ;
vein 2 over one-half as far from base of wing as from 3.
28 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
1. TELEGONUS HAHNELI
Aethilla hahneli Staud., Exot. Tagf. i, 291, n, pi. 98, 1888.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Ehop. n, 306, pi. 77, ff. 13, 14, 1893.
Skinner, Ent. News xn, 171, 1901.
Staudinger 's figure does not agree at all with that of Godman
and Salvin, which represents the species recorded from North
America, Since the latter authors state, however, that they had
specimens from Dr. Staudinger himself, the best thing that we
can do is retain the name in its present usage until the types
can be examined.
Arizona (Skinner).
I have a specimen from Dr. Skinner labelled "Jamaica." Be-
yond his record in the Entomological News I have no knowledge
of the occurrence of the species within our country.
Genus PLESTIA Mabille
Plestia Mab., Le Nat. (2), n, 146, 1888. Type Plestia staudin-
geri Mab.
Palpi porrect, exceeding front by
length of head; second joint with
shaggy vestiture of scales and hair,
third conical, moderately large. An-
tennae with the club fusiform and
pointed, almost as long as the shaft.
Primaries trigonate, outer margin
bent opposite cell ; costal fold present
Fijr. 8. pustia dorus Edw. a. in male. Cell over two-thirds as long
Club of antenna, e. Neuration • . , T _ . _
of wings as wing, recurrent vein absent. Vein 5
nearer 6 than 4. Secondaries trigonate, prominently lobed at
anal angle. Legs and under surface of thorax very hairy.
Fig. 8.
1. PLESTIA DORUS
Eudamus dorm Edwards, Papilio II, 140, 1882.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 290, pi. 76, ff. 8, 9, 1893.
Holland, Butterfly Book, 322, pi. xlv, f. 11, 1898.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvir, 187, 1911.
Arizona, May, June and July. New Mexico, May.
Genus AOHALARUS Scudder
Achalarus Scudder, Syst, Rev. 50 (71), 1872. Type Papilio
lycidas, Abbot and Smith.
HESPEMOIDEA OF AMERICA 29
Murgaria Watson, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1893, 37. Type
Telegonus albociliatus Mabille.
Palpi porrect ; second joint closely and roughly scaled ; third
small, almost concealed in vestiture of second. Antennae about
one-half as long as primaries; club slender, tapering gradually
into the reflexed tip, which is not quite as long as the rest of the
club. Primaries moderately broad ; costa slightly rounded, with
or without the fold in the male ; outer margin slightly sinuate in
the male, more evenly rounded in the female ; cell slightly over
two-thirds as long as wing; spur vein very faintly indicated,
near vein 4 ; 5 slightly nearer to 4. Secondaries angled at lb in
the male, more rounded in the female. In epigona this char-
acter is very variable, some specimens having the angle acute
and others obtuse. Vein 5 is not present, as stated by Watson
(P. Z. S. 1893, 34) but is indicated by a slight fold.
Although it seems very radical to combine these genera, a
careful consideration of their structures has failed to disclose any
basis for their separation. Epigona, formerly placed in Phou-
dinus, is obviously congeneric with albociUatus, and hence un-
der the old arrangement would fall into Murgaria, while both
dffer from lycidas only in the absence of the costal fold in the
males. Some specimens of the white fringed species have the
anal angles of the secondaries much more acute than in lycidas,
and therefore look much different, but as I have stated, this
character is very variable. The male genitalia are similar and
of a peculiar form.
Key to the species
1. Primaries with yellow spots lycidas
Primaries with or without white spots 2
2. Primaries with well defined whitish hyaline spots epigona
Primaries with an obscure dark band, rarely with a few white spots
albociUatus
1. ACHALARUS LYCIDAS
Papilio lycidas Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Ga. I, 39, pi. 20, 1797.
Proteides lyciades Geyer, Zutr. ex. Schmett. iv, 10, ff. 621, 622, 1832.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent, Soc. xxxvn, 188, 1911.
New York and Pennsylvania, August, and south to the gulf, where it
is taken in May and June.
30 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
2. ACHALARUS EPIGONA
Myscelus epigona H.-S., Corr.-Blatt Kegensb. xxm, 167, 1869.
Eudamus epigena Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, 493.
Eudamus orestes Edw., (Lintner Ms.), Cat. Diurn. Lep. N. A. 58, 1877.
Biol. Cent, Am., Bhop. u, 332, pi. 80, ff. 9-11, 1893.
Arizona, June and August.
3. ACHALARUS ALBOCILIATUS
Telegonus albociliatus Mab., Pet. Nouv. Ent. u, 162, 1877.
Eudamus coyote Skinner, Can. Ent. xxiv, 164, 1892.
Texas and Arizona. We have been confusing two species under this
name, but at present I am unable to correct the error with certainty.
Genus CECROPTERUS Herrich-Schaffer
Cecrops Hbn., Zutr. Exot. Schmett, t. 32, ff. 183, 184, 1818. Type
Cecrops zarex Hbn. Preoccupied in Crustacea.
Cecropterus H.-S., Corr.-Blatt Regensb. xxm, 131, 1869. For
Cecrops Hbn.
Rhabdoides Scud., Butt, New Eng. in, p. 1854, 1889. Type
Eudamus cellus Boisd. & Lee.
Palpi larger than in Achalarus; second joint
oblique, roughly scaled; third porrect, moderate,
not concealed by vestiture of second. Antennae
about one-half as long as primaries; club slender,
tapering, bent near middle, with the apiculus
scarcely more slender than the basal portion. Pri-
maries similar to Achalarus 9 and Thorybes ; cell
slightly over two-thirds as long as wing ; recurrent
vein faint but indicated at base of vein 4 ; 5 slight-
Fig. 9. cecrop- W nearer to 4 than to 6 ; discocellulars less oblique
terus cellus
Bd. and Lee. than in Achalarus, more as mThorybes ; costal fold
a. Club of an- ' . „ , .
tenna. b. De- not present in male. Outer margin of secondaries
tail of neura- .
tion ; anai area rounded, apex broadly rounded ; Vein la about two-
of secondary .
thirds as long as lb. Fig. 9.
Cellus resembles TJwrybes very closely in most of its struc-
tures, but I hardly think that the species belongs there. I do not
see anything to separate it from the genus Cecropterus, however,
and so am placing it for the present with the other species whose
banded primaries give them a close superficial resemblance.
Pseudocellus appears to be closer to Achalarus but I have not
had material for dissection and so prefer to leave it with cellus.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA
31
1. CECROPTERUS CELLUS
Eudamus cellus Bd. & Lee, Lep. Am. Sept. t. 73, 1833.
Cecrops festus Geyer, Zutr. exot. Schmett. v, 21, ff. 907, 908, 1837
Biol. Cent. -Am., Rhop. u, 331, pi. 80, f. 8, $ gen., 1894.
Holland, Butterfly Book 326, pi. xlv, f. 12, 1898.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 189, 1911.
Pennsylvania, July. Virginia and West Virginia, May and June. Texas
and Arizona, April and August.
2. CECROPTERUS PSEUDOCELLUS
Aehalarus pseudoeellus Coolidge and Clemence, Ent. News xxn, 3, 1911.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 190, 1911.
Arizona, June to September inclusive. This species is smaller
and darker than cellus, lacks the terminal pale area on the under
surface of the secondaries and has a pale ring at the base of the
antennal club. I have examined a long series in the Barnes
collection without finding any specimen in which the pale ring
could not be seen.
Genus THORYBES Scudder
Thoryles Scud., Syst. Rev. 50 (71), 1872. Type Papilio bathijl-
lus A. & S.
Hntneria Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1877, 57.
Papilio dmmus Cramer.
Cocceius G. & S., Biol. Cent,-Am., Rhop. n, 336, 1900.
Eudamus pylades Scud.
Palpi with the second joint appressed, x^ 05 ^
densely scaled ; third small, porrect, partly &
concealed by scales of second. Club of an- '
tennae moderate, tapering into a slender
apiculus which is slightly shorter than the
rest of the club. In specimens the apiculus
varies from sharply reflexed to slightly re-
curved. Primaries rather short and broad
with the costa and outer margin convex;
cell slightly over two-thirds as long as
wing ; recurrent vein barely indicated near
vein 4 ; 5 equidistant between 4 and 6 ; 2 Fig. 10. a. ciub of an-
, „ . ,, <-» o j tenna of Cogia hippalus
nearer base ot wing than to o. feeconclar- Edw. b. iNeuration of
, .,, l i i xi i e Thorybes pylades Scud.
ies broadly rounded, length along vein b c . Truncate lobe on out-
. . ,-, 1 -, T er margin of secondary
about equal to or greater than along lb ; f cabares potriuo Lucas
Type
Type
32 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
anal angle sometimes very slightly prominent. Costal fold pres-
ent in pylades and drusius but not in the other species. Fig. 10.
In establishing Cocceius Godman and Salvin state that it dif-
fers from Thorybes in the presence of the costal fold and that
this indicates that its relationship is rather with Achalarus. It
is related in many more points, however, to Thorybes, and the
costal fold does not seem adequate to separate the two groups as
genera. The male gentalia of the species are similar.
Key to the species
1. Fringes of secondaries white, at least in middle of outer margin . drusius
Fringes not white 2
2. Under surface of secondaries transversely strigate 3
Under surface not strigate 4
3. Hyaline spots moderate to small, without dark outlines; ground color
dark mexicanus
Hyaline spots large with dark outlines ; ground color pale
mexicanus, race nevada
4. Spots usually large, extending from vein to vein ; palpi usually pale
below bathyllus
Spots usually small; palpi usually concolorous with body below, .pylades
Spots absent pylades, ab. immaculata
1. THORYBES DRUSIUS
Eudamus drusius Edw., Can. Ent. xv, 211, 1883.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. II, 336, 1894.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 185, pi. x, 1911.
Arizona, June, July and August. Western Nebraska, Leussler.
2. THORYBES PYLADES
Eudamus bathyllus Harris (not A. & S.), Ins. Inj. Veg. 3rd ed., 312, 1862.
Eudamus pylades Scud., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xni, 207, 1870.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 336, pi. 80, f. 23, 1894.
Holland, Butterfly Book 324, pi. xlviii, f. 6, 1898.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 176, 1911.
Occurs throughout the United States and most of Canada. In Florida
and Texas it has been taken as early as April and as late as October; far-
ther north it flies from May to August.
ab. IMMACULATA
Eudamus pylades immaculata Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 177,
1911.
This is a rather uncommon form in which the hyaline spots of the pri-
maries are entirely absent.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 33
3. THORYBES DAUNUS
Papilio damns Cramer, Pap. Exot. n, 44, pi. oxxvi, F, 1777.
Papilio bathyllus Abbot & Smith, Lep. Ins. Ga. I, 43, pi. xxn, 1797.
Holland, Butterfly Book 325, pi. xlviii, f. 5, 1898.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 178, 1911.
Some females of pylades and bathyllus are difficult to sepa-
rate but as a rule the size of the spots and color of the palpi in
this species are characteristic. The males of this and the fol-
lowing species are easily separated from the others by the absence
of the costal fold.
Florida north and west to Pennsylvania, Iowa, Nebraska and
Texas. I have seen southern specimens dated May and August,
while farther north the species occurs from June to September.
4. THORYBES MEXICAN A
Eudamus mexicana H.-S., Corr.-Blatt Regensb. xxm, 198, 1869.
Eudamus ananius Plotz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xliii, 99, 1882.
Biologia Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 334, pi. 80, ff. 15, 16, 17, 1894.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. xxxvn, 180, 1911.
Specimens in the Barnes collection which agree with those in the British
museum are similar to pylades above but faintly strigate below, and rather
darker than normal specimens of pylades.
Arizona, June and July. Colorado, July.
4a. race NEVADA
Thorybes nevada Scud., Syst. Rev. 50 (71), 1872.
Eudamus aemilea Skinner, Ent. News rv, 64, 1893.
Holland, Butterfly Book 325, pi. xlvi, f. 39, 1898 (type).
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 254, pi. xxxn, f. 478, 1905.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 182, 1911.
Ground color rather pale, with, a fine terminal line and margins of spots
darker. Spots large. Strigation of under surface usually heavy.
California and Oregon, June and July. 8000 ft.
Genus C ABA RES Godman & Salvin
Cabares G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 337, 1894. Type
Thanaos potrillo Lucas.
"Antennae with a gradually tapering club, curved in the
middle into a crook. Palpi porrect, the third joint rather
prominent. Primaries with the cell more than two-thirds the
length of the costa, the second, third, and fourth subcostal seg-
ments subequal; lower discocellular rather shorter than the
middle, the two forming an oblique line at a large acute angle to
34 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
the axis of the wing; third median segment less than half the
second, and rather shorter than the first; a curved recurrent
nervule starts from the end of the cell. Secondaries with the
discocellulars very slender; third median segment very short;
second subcostal segment also short. Primaries short, slight-
ly truncate at the tip; no costal fold in the male; second-
aries with a projection in the middle of the outer margin from
the end of the median nervure. Hind tibiae with two pairs of
spurs. ' '
"Type Thanaos potrillo Lucas." (Original description).
This appears to be a good genus, and the one species which
occurs in our fauna can easily be placed by the peculiar lobe on
the outer margin of the secondaries. Fig. 10.
1. CABARES POTRILLO
Thanaos potrillo Lucas, Sagra's Hist. Cuba vn, 641, 1857.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. II, 337, pi. 80, ff. 24, 25, 26, 1894.
The species is occasionally taken in Texas.
Genus COGIA Butler
Cogia Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1870, 508. Type Cogia
hassan Butler.
Palpi porrect; second joint heavily clothed with scales; third
small but not concealed. Antennae about one-half as long as
primaries; club moderately thick, tapering into the short, re-
flexed apiculus. This is about half as long as the rest of the
club and is usually bent at about a right angle. Shape of wings
similar to Thorybes but costa of primaries less strongly curved
and secondaries a little more produced anally. Cell of primaries
about two-thirds as long as wing; vein 5 intermediate between
4 and 6 ; recurrent vein faintly indicated, nearer to 4 than to 3.
Primaries of male without costal fold but secondaries with a
short tuft of scales lying in the fold along vein lb near the base
of the wing. Fig. 10.
Key to the species
1. Fringes fuscous 2
Fringes white hippalus
2. Subapical spots indistinct; those between veins 2 and 4 usually lack-
ing ; color dark calchas
Subapical spots clear; those between 2 and 4 usually present; color
pale fuscous otitis
HESPERIOIDEA OP AMERICA 35
1. COGIA CALCHAS
Eudanius calchas H.-S., Corr.-Blatt Regensb xxm, 188, 1869.
Spathilepia terranea Butler, Lep. Exot. Ill, t. xl, f. 8, 1872.
Biol. Ccnt.-Am., Rhop. n, 340, pi. 81, f. 6, $ gen., 1894.
Texas, October. Most specimens can be distinguished from outis by the
dark color and limited maeulation.
2. COGIA OUTIS
Eudamus outis Skinner, Ent. News v, 332, 1894.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 184, pi. x, 1911.
Texas, August. Ground color pale fuscous, as in Mppalus. The primaries
usually have the two hyaline spots between veins 2 and 4 but I have seen
specimens in which these were lacking or greatly reduced.
3. COGIA HIPP ALUS
Eudamus hippalus Edw., Papilio n, 27, 1882.
Eesperia gila Plbtz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xlvii, 91, 1886.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 340, pi. 80, ff. 29-31, 1894.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 184, 1911.
Southern Arizona and New Mexico, June, July and August.
Genus PHOEDINTJS Godman & Salvin
Phoedimis G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 335, 1894. Type
Eudamus caicus H.-S.
I was inclined for a time to unite this genus with Cogia, dis-
regarding the tufted secondaries, but the large palpi with their
conspicuous third joint serve to distinguish it so easily that it
seems better to retain it. The spur vein is very faintly indicated
near vein 4. There are no secondary sexual structures in the
male.
1. PHOEDINUS MYSIE
Thoryoes mysie Dyar, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xn, 40, 1904.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 181, 1911.
This species is not represented in the Barnes or Strecker collections, and
I have seen nothing which answers the description. Apparently it is a
Phoedinus with fuscous fringes and more spots on the primaries than
caicus. It was described from the Patagonia Mts., Arizona.
2. PHOEDINUS CAICUS
Eudamus caicus H.-S., Corr.-Blatt Regensb. xxm, 188, 1869.
Eudamus scMefferi Plotz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xliii, 99, 1882.
Eudamus moschus Edw., Papilio n, 141, 1882.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 335, pi. 80, ff. 18-20, 1894.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 183, 1911.
36 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
The fringes of the secondaries of this species are pure white, save at the
apex and anal angle.
Arizona, July and August.
GROUP B
The second group of the subfamily Hesperiinae is distin-
guished from group A by the short cell of the primaries, the
form of the antermal club, and the palpi. The cell Is never over
two-thirds as long as the wing, and is usually a little less; the
antennal club is ovate or fusiform, usually somewhat flattened
and more or less curved, but never bent as in most of the genera
of group A and never with a distinct apiculus; the palpi are
porrect or oblique, either large or with hairy vestiture or both.
The only similar palpi in group A are found in the genus Plestia.
The genera of this group appear to be very poorly denned,
owing to the structural variation of the species. If we split to
the extent reached by some lepidopterists we can make a genus
for practically every species, so the opposite course seems ad-
visable, and I have therefore lumped a number of familiar genera
to group species which appear to be related. This has resulted,
especially in Pholisora, in the association of species which can
easily be separated by structural differences, but in all cases
these characters show a transition through the several species
which causes me to regard them as unreliable for the separation
of genera.
Key to the genera
1. Secondaries irregular, excavated opposite end of cell and
before anal angle ; not trigonate. Vein 2 of primaries near-
er base of cell than to vein 3 Systasea
Not such insects 2
2. Club of antennae long, slender, not distinctly flattened, and
scarcely exceeding twice the diameter of the shaft 3
Club thicker in at least one direction 4
3. Primaries slightly excavated below apex; humeral angle
prominent, rounded Eantis
Apex rectangular; humeral angle normal Xenophanes
4. Palpi large; third joint conspicuous; vestiture not roughly
hairy Pholisora
Palpi moderate to large ; third joint not conspicuous or ves-
titure hairy 5
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 37
5. Club of antennae elongate-ovate, flattened, blunt; species
largely white or checkered Hespcna
Club more or less fusiform and pointed 6
6. Outer margin of primaries evenly rounded or nearly so. . .7
Apex of primaries subtruncate or rectangular 8
7. Vein 11 of primaries arising just beyond middle of cell and
reaching costa before end of cell Chwmara
Vein 11 arising at or beyond outer third of cell and ending
in costa beyond end of cell Thanaos
8. Anal angle of primaries broadly rounded; outer and inner
margins about equal Melanthes
Anal angle sharply rounded ; outer margin distinctly shorter
than inner "
9. Cell narrow, about equal to distance between cell and costa
Grais
Cell normal, much wider than this distance Timochares
Genus HESPERIA Fabricius
Eesperia Fab., Ent. Syst. in, (i), 258, 1793. Type Papilio
malvae Linn.
Pyrgus Hbn., Verz. bek. Schmett, 109, 1820. Type Papilio
syrichtus Fab.
Heliopetes Billberg, Enum. Ins. 81, 1820. Type Papilio arsalte
Linn.
Syrichtus Boisd., Icones 230, 1833. Type Papilio proto Esp.
Scelothrix Ramb. Cat. Lep. Andal. i, 63, 1858. Type Papilio
carthami Hbn.
Leucoscirtes Scud., Syst. Rev. 52 (73), 1872. Type Syrichtus
ericetorum Boisd.
Muschampia Tutt, Brit. Butterflies, i, 218, 1906. Type Papilio
proto Esp.
Sloperia Tutt, Brit. Butterflies i, 218, 1906. Type Hesperia
poggei Led.
Powellia Tutt, Brit. Butterflies i, 218, 1906. Type Papilio sao
Berg.
Favrm Tutt, Brit. Butterflies i, 218, 1906. Type, Hesperia cri-
brellum Eversman.
Bremeria Tutt, Brit, Butterflies i, 296, 1906. Type Syrichtus
bieti Obth.
38
IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Palpi porrect; second joint with shaggy vestiture in some
species, smooth in others, and of mixed scales and hair. Anten-
nae slightly less than one-half as long as primaries ; club elongate
oval, flattened, blunt. Costa of primaries more or less flattened ;
outer margin rounded, sometimes evenly and sometimes more
strongly toward the apex. Cell less than two-thirds as long as
wing; vein 5 slightly nearer to 6 than to 4; position of 2 and
3 very variable. Secondaries broadly rounded with a slight in-
dication of an anal lobe, to sub-trigonate with the outer margin
Fig. 11. Hesperia. Antennal clubs: a. nivella, b. ericetorun^c.
and d. tessellata, two views, e. syrichtus, i. maeaira, g. Neuration
of tessellata, h. Outer margin of secondary of syrichtus, i. Outer
margin of secondary of nivella, j. Costal margin and apex of pri-
mary of nivella, k. same of syrichtus, 1. Detail of neuration, pos-
terior margin of cell of centaureae, m. Same of nivella
slightly wavy. Secondary sexual characters of males the costal
fold, tibial tuft, and abdominal lobes; one or more of these
characters may be absent. Fig. 11.
The North American species have hitherto been placed in three
genera, based chiefly on secondary sexual characters. Barnes
and McDunnough made a step in advance by avoiding these
characters in their Contributions in, pp. 121-2, where they re-
mark: "A better means of separation of Vyrgus [including
syrichtus, montivaga and philetas] from Hesperia {Scelothrix)
than that given by Dyar, and one that would include both sexes
appears to be found in the palpi; in Pyrgus they are only
slightly upturned and the clothing under a strong lens is seen
to be rather even and composed largely of scales with a few hairs
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 39
of equal length intermingled ; in Hesperia the palpi are strongly
upturned and very heavily and roughly clothed underneath with
long hairs, the scales being confined to the lateral basal portion."
It is quite true that this furnishes a good basis for the sep-
aration of our species, and the general habitus of each group
is also distinctive, but I have unidentified species of the genus
from South America which have the habitus of Hesperia (sensu
B. & McD.) and the palpi of Pyrgus. It seems that the only
conclusion which will give a well founded classification is to
adopt the genus Hesperia of many European writers.
I cannot expect unanimous approval of the sinking of Helio-
petes, but after examining all of the species carefully and com-
paring them with those of Hesperia I am unable to point out
any structure which does not find either its counterpart or a
similar tendency in the latter genus. The pattern of Hesperia
is easily traceable in ericetorum and domicella, both above and
below; in nivella, laviana and macmra the under surface is
puzzling, but the brown pattern may easily be a modification of
a superficial vestiture such as that found in syrichtus, while the
black marks are so scanty as to afford no comparison.
Key to the species
1. Upper surface of primaries with a broad white discal band or mostly
white 8
Band narrow and macular or not evident 2
2. Spots of primaries subquadrate, well separated 3
Spots crowded, slender; with an additional row of spots beyond cell. .6
3. Primaries with a triangular white spot in the angle of vein 2 and the
cell 4
This spot absent centaureae
4. Male with fold; subterminal spots on under surface of secondaries
deeply crescentic in most specimens, even when reduced in size . . ruralis
Male without fold; subterminal spots never deeply crescentic, usually
poorly defined
5. Under surface of secondaries without distinct contrasts, whitish ; mark-
ings of upper surface usually reduced; a pale, glossy species, .scriptura
Under surface with contrasting markings; upper surface with macula-
tion rarely reduced; darker species xanthus, macdunnoughi
6. Under surface of secondaries with two small submarginal lunules be-
tween veins 4 and 6
These vague, fused with a marginal white patch or with each other
tessellata
40 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
7. Under surface of secondaries very pale, without sharp contrasts . philetas
Maculation of under surface contrasting; under surface often pow-
dered with brown scales syrichtus
8. Basal third of wings dark 9
This area not more than slightly dark shaded 10
9. Secondaries with a subterminal esries of large white crescents
ericeteorum $
These crescents much reduced domicella
10. Cell of secondaries below clear white nivella
Cell more or less brown 11
11. Secondaries with broad smooth brown shades below 12
With a definite yellowish brown pattern, no broad shades . . ericetorum $
12. Inside of outer shade oblique, almost straight. ., laviana
Inside of outer shade curved with outer margin of wing maeaira
1. HESPERIA CENTAUREAE (Plate I, Figure 2)
Eesperia centaureae Bambur, Faun. Ent. Andal. n, 315, pi. 8, f. 10, 1840.
Eesperia wyandot Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, u, 21, pi. 5, f. 4, 1863.
Seudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1542, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 327, pi. xlvii, f. 13, 1898.
N. Europe; Labrador, June and July. Ontario, Canada, May, July.
New Jersey and Virginia, April and May. North Carolina, April. Colo-
rado, August, 13000 ft. Male with costal fold and tibial tuft.
2. HESPERIA RURALI8
Syrichtus ruralis Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2), x, 311, 1852.
Syrichtus caespitalis Boisd., op. cit., p. 312.
Eesperia ricara Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, iv, 203, pi. I, f. 2, 1865.
Syrichtus petrems Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. hi, 215, 1871.
Holland, Butterfly Book 328, pi. xlvii, f. 14, 1898.
Wright, Butterflies of the West Coast No. 458, pi. xxxi, 1905.
Oberthiir, Etudesde Lep. Comp. vr, 339, pi. cxxxvii, ff, 1204, 1205, 1212,
1912 (types of caespitalis and ruralis).
Western North America from Texas to Alberta, April to July.
A smaller, darker species than the preceding. Male with fold and tuft.
3. HESPERIA XANTHUS
Pyrgus xanthus Edw., Field and Forest in, 142, 1878.
Holland, Butterfly Book 328, pi. xlvh, 15, 1898.
Colorado, July. Xanthus very closely resembles ruralis but most speci-
mens have the subterminal maculation of the secondaries poorly defined
and reduced as noted in the key, and the males lack the costal fold.
4. HESPERIA MACDUNNOUGHI
Syrichtus macdunnoughi Oberthiir, Etudes ix, (2), 86, pi. cclxiv, f. 2205,
1913.
B. & MeD., Contributions m, (2), 122, pi. x, f. 14, 1916.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 41
There are fiv)e specimens from Arizona in the Barnes collection under
this name. Four I am unable to distinguish from xanthus; the remaining
one has the secondaries pale below, as in scriptura.
5. HESPERIA SCRIPTURA
Syrichtus scriptura Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (2), x, 312, 1852.
Holland, Butterfly Book 328, pi. xlvii, f. 12, 1898.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 251, pi. XXXI, 459, 1905.
Oberthiir, Etudes de Lep. Comp. vi, 339, pi. cxxxvn, p. 1206, 1207, 1912
(type f. 1206).
New Mexico, California, Colorado, April to June. This species is read-
ily distinguished by the color of the under surface, its glossy appearance,
and as a rule by the reduction of the maculation of the secondaries. As
in the two preceding, the male has the tibial tuft but no costal fold.
6. HESPERIA SYRICHTUS
Papilio syrichtus Fab., Syst. Ent. 534, 1775.
Pyrgus montivagus Keakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 334.
Skinner, Ent. News xvii, 277, pi. xn, 1906.
Texas and Florida, June and July.
I hjave seen the type of montivagus in the Strecker collection
and it is syrichtus, not tessellata as treated by many writers. I
have a long series from Florida in which the under surface of the
secondaries has a heavy superficial vestiture of brown scales in
both sexes. Male with both costal fold and tibial tuft.
7. HESPERIA PHI LET AS (Plate I, Fig. 7)
Pyrgus philetas Edw., Papilio I, 46, 1881.
Arizona and Texas, June to October.
8. HESPERIA TESSELLATA
Eesperia tessellata Scud., Syst. Eev. 52, (73), 1872.
Syricthus communis Grote, Can. Ent. rv, 69, 1872.
H. montivaga Scud., (not Reakirt) Butt. New Eng. n, 1536, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 327, pi. xlvii, f. 18, 1898.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 250, pi. XXXI, 457, 1905.
Occurs from coast to coast and from the Gulf to northern Canada, April
to October.
8a. Bace OCCIDENTALS
Pyrgus occidentalis Skinner, Ent. News xvn, 96, 1906.
Skinner, Ent. News xvn, 277, pi. xn, 1906.
California, Arizona and Texas. This form is scarcely worthy of a name,
but may be regarded as a pale southwestern geographical race. I have not
looked for differences in the genitalia.
42 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
9. HESPERIA DOMICELLA
Syrichtus domicella Erichson, Schomb., Reise. n. Guiana in, 604, 1848.
Pyrgus nearchus Edw., Papilio u, 26, 1882.
Holland, Butterfly Book 327, pi. xlvii, f. 19, 1898.
Arizona, August and September.
This and the four following species, formerly placed in Eeliopetes, have
both the costal fold and tibial tuft in the males.
10. HESPERIA ERICETORUM (Plate I, Fig. 4^,6$)
Syrichtus ericetorum Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2)| X, 313, 1852.
Syrichtus alba Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vi, 206, 1866.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 250 pi. xxxi, f. 456, 1905.
Oberthiir, Etudes de Lep. Comp. vi, 339, pi. clxxxvn, f. 1210, 1912 (type).
California, April to August. Arizona, July.
11. HESPERIA MAC AIR A
Pyrgus macaira Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 334.
Syrichtus oceanus Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. in, 213, 1871.
Leuoochitonea locutia Hew., Exot. Butt., Leuch. t. 2, ff. 19, 20, 1875.
Brownsville, Texas; June.
12. HESPERIA LAV I AN A
Leucochitonea laviana Hew., Desc. Hesp. 48, 186$.
Leucochitonea pastor Felder, Verh. z.-b. Ges. "Wien xix, 476, 1869.
Pyrgus leca Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1870, 510.
Texas, June and July.
13. HESPERIA NIVELLA
Leucoscvrtes nivea Scud, (not niveus Cr.), Syst. Rev. 52 (73), 1872.
Leucoseirtes nivella Mab., Bull. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxvii, lv, 1883.
Leucochitonea orbigera Mab., Le Nat. X, 242, 1888.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 446, pi. 90, ff. 22-24, 1897.
Brownsville, Texas; June.
Genus SYSTASEA Butler
Systasea Butler, Edw., Can. Ent. ix, 120, 1877. Type, Leucoch-
itonea pulverulenta Folder.
Celotes G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 452, 1899. Type
Pholisora nessus Edw.
Palpi porrect, moderate; second joint slightly hairy; third
slightly drooping in dried specimens. Antennae about one-half
as long as primaries; club moderate, curved, fusiform, rather
blunt. Primaries with a costal fold in the male; costa slightly
curved ; outer margin curved, with a shallow excavation before
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA
43
anal angle; inner margin slightly concave, scarcely longer than
outer; U. D. C. short, M. D. C. and L. D. C. about equal. Vein
2 twice as far from 3 as from base of cell.
Secondaries very irregular with emargina-
tions opposite cell and before anal angle. As a
rule the antennal club of nessus is slightly
larger in proportion to the shaft than that of
pulverulent a but it varies in each species. In
spite of the difference in appearance of the
two species I can find nothing to warrant
placing them in different genera. It may be
that tropical species exist which will fill in
the gap between them. Fig. 12.
Key to the species
Terminal portion of wings with brown dashes
Fig. 12. Neuration of
Systasea pulverulenta nessus
Feld This area without dashes pulverulenta
1. SYSTASEA NESSUS
Pholisora nessus Edw., Can. Ent. rx, 192, 1877.
Spilothyrus notabilis Strecker, Lep. Rhop. 131, 1878.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 452, pi. 91, ff. 27, 28, 29, 1899.
Holland, Butterfly Book 329, pi. xlvii, f. 17, 1898.
Texas and Arizona, April to August.
2. SYSTASEA PULVERULENTA
Leucochitonea pulverulenta Feld., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien xix, 478, 1869.
Eesperia zampa Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. V, 207, 1876.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 413, pi. 87, ff. 24, 25, 1895.
Holland, Butterfly Book 329, pi. xlvt, f. 1, 1898.
Arizona, July and August. Texas, April and October.
Genus PHOLISORA Scudder
Pholisora Scud., Syst. Rev. 51, (72), 1872. Type Papilio catul-
lus Fab.
Staphylus G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop, n, 429, 1896. Type
Helias ascalaphus Staud.
Bolla Mabille, Gen. Ins. xvn, 72, 1903. Tj-pe — pullata Mab.
Hesperopsis Dyar, Jn. N. Y. Ent, Soc. xin, 118, 1905. Type
Thanaos alpheus Edw.
The species grouped in this genus offer a troublesome problem
44
IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
in generic distinctions. Bolla was separated from Pholisora by
Mabille on the basis of the more pointed club of the antennae.
Dyar associates Hesperopsis in his description with Hesperia
instead of Pholisora and calls attention to the long palpi, es-
pecially the long third joint, and the absence of the costal fold.
I have bleached and mounted structures of alpheus, Hoy a, catul-
lus, ceos and hayhurstii and have found the following things to
be true : In alpheus the third joint of the palpi is about three-
fifths as long as the second and both are slender; the vestiture
of the third joint makes it appear about twice as long as it really
Fig. 13. Pholisora. Palpi: a. alpheus, b. libya, c. catullus, d. ceos, e. hay-
hurstii. Antennal clubs: f. libya, g. catullus, h. ceos, i. hayhurstii,* j. Neur-
ation of hayhurstii, k. and 1. Outer margins of wings of ceos and catullus
is. Libya, associated with alpheus, has the third joint relative-
ly shorter, both second and third thicker, the vestiture of the
third similar and that of the second deeper. The entire ap-
pendage looks more like the palpus of catullus than alpheus.
The eleventh vein of the primaries of alpheus arises well before
the middle of the cell, while in all of the other species it arises
near the middle, usually slightly beyond. Ceos differs from
catullus in the relatively longer third palpal point and thicker
second, and in the short vestiture of the third. In the shape of
the wings it is intermediate between catullus and Jiayhurstn and
farthest removed from alpheus. The antennal club is thickest in
alpheus and most slender in ceos, but if the same aspect be com-
pared the species are seen to differ but slightly. From this it
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 45
appears that there is no closer bond between alpheus and libya
than between libya and catulliis, while ceos varies in the opposite
direction from cat nil us but in the structure of the palpi shows
some affinity with the first two species. For these reasons I
prefer to regard the group as one genus with a wide range of
structural variation. In this sense Pholisora may be character-
ized as follows:
Palpi exceeding the front by the length of the head or more ;
second joint oblique, rather long, with moderate scaly vestiture ;
third porrect, slender, long. Antennae about one-half as long
as primaries; club more or less tapered and blunt. Wings
rounded; secondaries w T ith or without a slight indention in the
outer margin at the end of the cell and sometimes with a slight
lobe at the anal angle. Neuration variable ; vein 11 of primaries
never much beyond middle of cell and vein 2 about the same
distance from base of cell and vein 3 ; U. D. C. long, over half
the length of M. D. C. Male with or without costal fold, never
with tibial tuft. Fig. 13.
Key to the species
1. Primaries with a transverse series of dark dashes alpheus
Primaries without dark dashes 2
2. Secondaries with white spots below 3
Secondaries immaculate 4
3. Under surface pale, yellowish; upper surface of primaries with trans-
verse row of spots complete lena
Under surface usually less pale and with numerous white spots when
upper surface is heavily spotted; possibly not distinct from the pre-
ceding lib y a
4. Head and palpi ochreous ceos
Head and palpi dark, concolorous with body 5
5. Upper surface of an even shade 6
With faint, dark, transverse bands 7
6. Undersurface brownish black catullus
Under surface grayish glaucous mejteawus
7. Primaries with hyaline subapical spots Imyhurstii
No such spots brennm
1. PHOLISORA ALPHEUS
Thanaos alpheus Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. v, 206, 1876.
Pholisora oricus Edw., Can. Ent. xi, 51, 1879.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Ehop. n, 442, pi. 90, f. 15, 1897.
Holland, Butterfly Book 331, pi. xlv, f. 2, 1898.
46 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 235, pi. xxx, f. 407, 1905.
Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado, March to July.
2. PHOLISORA LIBYA
Eeteropterus libya Scud., Bull. Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, 258, 1878.
Holland, Butterfly Book 331, pi. xlviii, f. 14, 1898.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 234, pi. xxx, f. 406, 1905.
California, June and October. Utah, July. Arizona, April.
3. PHOLISORA LENA
Ancyloxypha lena Edw., Can. Ent. xrv, 5, 1882.
There is one specimen in the Barnes collection which appears to be lena
and is possibly a good species. It is rather pale in color, but this may be
due to fading. On the upper surface it resembles a heavily maculate speci-
men of libya while below it has only a few spots. Libya, when heavily
spotted above, is also well marked below. The one specimen is from Miles
City, Montana, the type locality.
4. PHOLISORA CATULLUS
Hesperia catullus Fab., Ent. Syst. hi, (i), 348, 1793.
Scud., Butt. New Eng. n, 1519, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book, 330, pi. xlv, f. 4, 1898.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 234, pi. xxx, f. 403, 1905.
United States and Southern Canada, April to October.
5. PHOLISORA MEJICANUS
Nisoniades mejicanus Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 334, 1866.
Biol. Cent. -Am., Ehop. n, 441, pi. 90, ff. 11, 12, 1897.
Las Vegas, N. M.
The upper surface is practically the same as catullus but the glaucous
gray appearance of the lower surface is unmistakable.
6. PHOLISORA CEOS
Pholisora ceos Edwards, Papilio n, 140, 1882.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 432, pi. 89, ff. 7, 8, 1896.
Arizona, July.
7. PHOLISORA HAYHURSTII
Hesperia hayhurstii Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. in, 22, 1870.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. in, p. 1857, 1889.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. II, 433, pi. 89, f. 16, gen., 1896.
Holland, Butterfly Book, 331, pi. xlviii, f. 16, 1898.
Florida, north and west to Minnesota and Texas, March to October.
Some specimens have merely a trace of the subapical spots.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA
47
8. PHOLISORA BRENNUS
Nisoniades brennus G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 434, pi. 89, f. 23,
gen., 1896. (Mabille in litt.).
Skinner, Ent. News XII, 171, 1901.
I do not know this species. It is said to occur in our country along the
Mexican border.
Genus EANTIS Boisduval
Eantis Boisd., Spec. Gen. pi. 13, f. 6,
1836. Type Vrbanus vetus
thraso Hiibner.
Palpi porrect; second joint rath-
er large, densely and smoothly
scaled; third small, distinct. Ant-
ennae about one-half as long as pri-
maries ; club extremely slender and
long, the tip curved. Costa of pri-
maries rounded in basal half and al-
most straight to apex ; outer margin
excavated below apex, thence well
rounded to anal angle; cell about
three-fifths as long as wing; vein 5
intermediate between 4 and 6. Sec- Fig.
ondaries roughly quadrate; costa
and inner margin curved, outer bent to an obtuse angle between
3 and 4 and produced between 6 and 7. Fig. 14.
1. EANTIS THRASO (Plate I, Fig. 8)
Vrbanus vetus thraso Hbn., Sanunl. exot.
Schmett, I, t. 151 ff. 1-4, 1807-16.
Hesperia tamenund Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.
in, 215, 1871.
Biologia Cent.-Am., Rhop. II, 405, pi. 87, f. 7,
$ gen., 1895. .
Texas, May and July.
Genus XENOPHANES Godman &
Salvin
Xenophanes G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am.,
Rhop. ii, 387, 1895. Type Papilio
Fig. 15. Xenophanes tryxus tryXUS Cramer.
Cramer, a. Club of antenna. t> i • i_v j.i_ • j • • a j i.
b. outline of wings Palpi oblique ; third joint moderate,
14. Eantis thraso Hbn. a
Club of antennae, b. Neuration
48 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
conical, not concealed. Club of antennae very slender, curved.
Costa of primaries slightly curved; apex rectangular; inner
margin nearly straight, outer slightly convex between apex and
vein 2, thence nearly straight to anal angle. Costal fold absent.
Cell less than two-thirds as long as wing ; vein 5 intermediate ;
2 slightly nearer to base of wing than to 3. Secondaries broadly
rounded ; inner margin nearly straight, anal angle sub-rectangu-
lar; outer margin slightly concave between veins 4 and 6 and
very slightly between lb and 2. Vein 5 present, very weak; 2
about as near to base of wing as to 3. Fig. 15
1. XENOPHANES TBYXUS (Plate I, Fig. 3)
Papilio tryxus Cramer, Pap. Exot. rv, 87, pi. ccaxxxrv, G, H, 1781.
Biol. Cent. -Am., Ehop. H, 387, pi. 85, f. 18, $ gen., 1895.
Brownsville, Texas, July.
The species is easy to recognize in our fauna by the many hyaline spots
in the discal area of both wings.
s0SH2t^ Geneus MELANTHES Mabille
^* Melanthes Mab., Gen. Ins. xvn, 80, 1904. Type
Nisoniades hrunnea H.-S.
In general structure this genus is close to Than-
aos but the secondaries are relatively a little larger
the outer margin of the primaries longer and more
oblkpie, the apex more produced and rectangular
and the anal angle more broadly rounded. The
antennae are moderate and the club fusiform,
sharply pointed and evenly curved. Fig. 16.
Fig. i6. Helen- 1. MELANTHES BRUNNEA (Plate I, Fig. 10)
S. a. Club of an- Nisoniades bmnnea H.-S., Corr.-Blatt. Regensb. xviii, 172,
tenna. b. Outline 1864
of wings
Skinner, Ent. News XIV, 110, 1903.
I have this species from Cuba but Dr. Skinner's record, Sugar Loaf Key,
Fla., is the only one which has reached me concerning its occurrence in the
United States. The even brown shade of the wings, with a few hyaline
points on the primaries, is characteristic.
Genus CHIOMARA Godman & Salvin
Chiomara G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 453, 1899. Type.
Aclilyodes mithrax Mosehler.
Similar to Thanms ; outer margin of primaries only two-thirds
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA
49
as long as inner, strongly curved; vein 11 arising just beyond
middle of cell and reaching costa before end of cell. Male
with tibial tuft but no costal fold. Fig. 17.
Gesta appears to belong in Thanaos;
the figure of the genitalia in the Biologia
is distinctly of the Thanaos type.
Fig. 17. Chiomara a-sychia
Cramer. Neuration of primary
1. CHIOMARA ASYCHIS
Papilio asychis Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv, 87, pi
ocoxxxiv, E, F, 1781.
Pyrgus georgina Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci
Phil. 1868, 88 (fide G. & S.).
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 453, pi. 91, ff. 1, 2, 3, 1899 ; p. 741, 1901.
Texas, Arizona, October. I have one specimen from Corumba, Brazil,
taken in March.
Genus THANAOS Boisduval
Thanaos Boisd., Icones 240, 1832-3. Type Hesperia juvenalis
Fab.
Scudder and Burgess, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xm, 282-306,
pi. 1870.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xl, 195-221, 1914.
Palpi large, exceeding front
by about length of head; vesti-
ture shaggy; third joint stout
and roughly scaled. Antennae
moderate ; club fusiform, curv-
ed. Costa of primaries slightly
convex, flattened along fold ; out-
er margin in most species evenly
rounded, in some more strongly
curved opposite cell; relative
width of primaries variable. Cell
scarcely two-thirds as long as
wing; vein 5 intermediate, 7 to
11 in the distal third of the
cell, 11 ending beyond end of cell
U. D. C. less than half as long
.. Neuration of ■/ ..- as M. D. C. Secondaries vari-
alis, b. Outer margms of wings of aWe ^ gize ^ shape> br()ad out .
50 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
er margin rounded to wavy ; costal fold present except in gesta.
Hind tibiae of male with tufts in a few species. Fig. 18.
A key to the species of Thanaos based on superficial characters
is of comparatively little use, for the species are closely related
and there are few which do not intergrade with others. The fol-
lowing key is based on fairly typical specimens, but in a long
series I have found many which could not be definitely placed
by it, so I have thought it w^se to speak a word of caution re-
garding its use. The genitalia of the males offer the ultimate
means of determination, and since they can usually be examined
fairly well by brushing away the scales from the tip of the
abdomen and using a hand lens or binocular, their use in class-
ification of the species should be practiced.
Key to the species
1. Fringes of hind wings white 13
Fringes never white 2
2. Primaries without distinct hyaline spots, sometimes with one or two
clouded spots next to costa 3
Primaries with at least a subapical row of hyaline spots (or with very
dark wings, terentkts $) 5
3. Expanse under thirty mm ; $ with tibial tuft ; apex of primaries rather
sharply angled icelus
Expanse usually over thirty mm ; no tuft in male ; apex of primaries
more obtuse and outer margin more rounded 4
4. Gray powdering heavier toward apex of primaries; distribution gen-
eral brizo
Primaries usually evenly powdered with gray scales; inner part of
median band usually obsolete or broken; Southwestern and Calif ornian
species bwrgessi, lactistra
Powdering scant or absent; dark marks of primaries united to form
broad bands; under surface without distinct spots; $ with tuft but
no fold ; southwestern species gesta
5. Under surface of secondaries with two pale subapical spots, or at least
a trace of them 6
No subapical spots 7
6. Gray vestiture mostly of fine hairs properties
Gray vestiture scaly juvenalis
7. Hyaline spots large, at least a trace of one in end of cell; dark mark-
ings of primaries contrasting (9)» or spots' lacking; primaries with
little or no gray vestiture ( $ ) horatius
Spots small, color very dark, or gray powdering conspicuous 8
8. Very dark, sometimes with a brownish patch at end of cell; macula-
tion obscure; $ with tibial tuft terentius
Tuft absent; marks more or less contrasting 9
PLATE II
MALE GENITALIA OP THANA06
The figures are mere outlines of the claspers viewed from the outside
spines and other vestiture.
■ft drawings of each figure
omitting
Hi.' right
The right and
"5 1 %£X£n&?U^-2. Thanaos brizo Bd. ,i Lee , Thanaos burg.
Skinner 4 Thanaos lacustra Wright. 5. Thanaos persius Scudder. 6. than
aos martialis Scudder. 7. Thanaos juvenalis Fab. Thanaos propertms Scud
Burg. 9. Thanaos horatius Send. & Burg. I' 1
11. Thanaos pacuvius Lint. 12. Thana
litus Edw. 14. Thanaos tristis Boisd. I
&
Burs.
Thanaos terentius Send. &
cudderi Skinner. 13. Than
Thanaos funeralis Scud. & Burg
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 51
9. Dark marks conspicuous, secondaries checkered; fresh specimens with
a purplish lustre martialis
Not such insects 10
10. Larger, marks more or less obscured toward base of primaries. . . .
persius, pernigra
Usually smaller, marks more evenly distinct over entire wing 11
11. Fringes usually evenly colored 12
Fringes pale tipped; western form persius, race afranius
12. Secondaries with pale spots below clear cut lucilius
Spots absent or diffuse; western species eallidus
13. Tufts of dark scales in base of white fringe all along outer margin
scudderi, pacuvvus
Earely with a suggestion of such tufts 14
14. Primaries narrower than normal; $ with tibial tuft funeralis
Primaries normal, no tuft tristis, clitus
Under surface of secondaries with some white inside of fringe. .. .
tristis, var. tatms
1. THANAOS ICELUS
Nisoniades icelus Scudder & Burgess, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, 288,
1870.
Lintner, 23rd Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. Cab. Hist. 162, pi. 7, ff. 5, 6, 1872.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1507, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 333, pi. xlviii, 17, 1898.
Arizona, Colorado, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and southern Canada;
May to July. Athabaska and Mackenzie, June (Cary). North Carolina,
April (Brimley & Sherman).
2. THANAOS BRIZO
Tlvanaos brizo, Boisd. & Lee, Lep. Am. Sept. pi. 66, 1833.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng., n, 1500, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 332, pi. xlv, f. 7, 1898.
Atlantic coast to Rocky Mountains, Gulf to Southern Canada; April to
July. Eastern specimens of this species are easy to identify, but it is
difficult to separate burgessi, lacustra and brizo when all are from the
same locality.
2a. race SOMNUS
Nisoniades somnus Lintner, Papilio i, 73, 1881.
Florida, February and April. This is merely a very dark form of brizo.
3. THANAOS BURGESSI
Thanaos burgessi Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XL, 203, 1914.
Arizona and New Mexico; March, April and August.
4. THANAOS LACUSTRA
Nisoniades lacustra Wright, Butt. W. Coast 253, pi. xxxn, 480, 1905.
California, June. This is not a form of brizo, as has been stated, but is
52 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
more nearly related to burgessi, though the genitalia differ enough to war-
rant regarding it as a distinct species.
5. THANAOS GESTA
Thanaos gesta H.-S., Corr.-Blatt Regensb. xvn, 142, 1863.
Thanaos invisus Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. I, 114, 1872.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 455, pi. xci, ff. 7, 8, 9, 1899.
Nisoniades llano Dodge, Can. Ent. xxxv, 78, 1903.
Texas and Arizona; July.
6. THANAOS PERSIUS
Nisoniades persius Scudder, Proc. Ess. Inst, in, 170, 1863.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. u, 1468, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 334, pi. xlviii, f. 1, 1898.
The typical form has an expanse of about thirty-five millimeters and is
dark and obscurely marked, especially on the basal half of the wings. It
occurs throughout the United States and north into Alaska; May to August.
6a. race PEBNIGBA
Thanaos pernigra Grinnell, Ent. News xvi, 34, 1905.
California, July. A very dark Pacific Coast race.
6b. race AFBANIUS
Nisoniades afranius Lintner, 30th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist. 175, 1877.
California, Utah, Colorado, Arizona; May, July and August. Afranius
does not exceed thirty millimeters and is rather distinctly marked and gray
powdered; the fringes are pale, sometimes almost white, at their tips.
6c. race LUCILIUS
Nisoniades lucilius Scudder & Burgess, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xm,
287, 1870.
Lint., 23rd Rep. N. Y. St. Cab. Nat. Hist. 164, pi. 7, ff. 1, 2, 1872.
Seudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1458, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 333, pi. xlviii, f. 10, 1898.
Northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, April and May.
Dr. W. T. M. Forbes has kindly identified slides of genitalia in my possession
as lucilius, which he regards as a species. I am unable to agree with this
and follow Skinner in placing it as a race of persius, though a careful
study of the early stages may show it to be distinct. It is usually smaller
than persius and more distinctly marked.
7. THANAOS CALLIDUS
Thanaos callidus Grinnell, Ent. News XV, 114, 1904.
MeDunnough, Ent. News xxvin, 232, 1917.
After an eventful and troublesome career callidus has at last been run
down by Dr. MeDunnough. It proves to be a good species, treated as
lilius Dyar by Skinner in his "Studies in the Genus Thanaos." The two
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 53
names may apply to the same thing, but in that case callidus has priority.
The genitalia resemble those of pacuvius. California, June and July.
8. THANAOS MARTIALIS
Nisoniades martialis Scudder, Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci. i, 335, 1869.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1493, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 335, pi. xlviii, f. 4, 1898.
New York, west to Colorado and north into Canada; May, July, August.
Dr. Forbes tells me that eastern specimens of this species have a brassy
lustre, but all which I have seen from the middle west were decidedly pur-
plish. The unusually bright, contrasting pattern is the most reliable char-
acteristic.
ab. AUSONIUS
Niso7iiades ausonius Lint., 23rd Eep. N. Y. St. Cab. Nat. Hist. 166, pi. 7,
ff, 11, 12, 1872.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1498, 1889.
Ausonius lacks the subapical hyaline spots and has the transverse series
of dark dashes unusually prominent. It was described from a single speci-
men taken at Center, N. Y., on May 12, 1871, and has never been taken
since.
9. THANAOS JUVENALIS
Eesperia juvenalis Fab., Ent. Syst. in, (i), 339, 1793.
Nisoniades juvenis Hbn., Verz. bek. Schmett. 108, 1820.
Nisoniades costalis Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. n, 519, pi. 79, f. 3,
1852.
Nisoniades ennius Scud. & Burg., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xin, 296, f.
9, 1870.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1476, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 335, pi. xlviii, f. 11, 1898.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 252, pi. xxxn, 462 9, 469 $ (not 9 tristis), 1905.
Atlantic coast to Eockies, Gulf to Northern Canada; May to August.
10. THANAOS PROPERTIUS
Nisoniades propertius Scud. & Burg., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xin, 298,
f. 11, 1870.
Nisoniades tibullus Scud. & Burg., op. cit., p. 299, f. 12.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 252, pi. xxxn, f. 463, 1905.
Texas, Arizona, California and north into Canada; June, July and Au-
gust. The abundance of hairy gray vestiture in specimens which have not
been badly rubbed is very characteristic.
10a. race BOBEALIS
Tlianaos propertius, var. borealis Cary, Proc. U. S. N. M. xxxi, 455, 1906.
Type one male from North Nahanni Eiver, Mackenzie, June 4, 1904. Ap-
parently this is a dark race with the pale maculation greatly reduced.
54 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
11. THANAOS HORATIUS
Nisoniades horatius Scud. & Burg., Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist, xm, 301 f.
13, 1870.
Nisoniades virgilius Scud. & Burg., op. cit. p. 302, f. 14.
Nisoniades petronius Lint., Papilio I, 70, 1881.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1486, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 336, pi. xlviii, f. 15, 1898.
Florida and Texas, north to Colorado and Minnesota; May, July, Au-
gust, October. The females are conspicuously marked but the males resem-
ble juvenaUs closely.
12. THANAOS TERENTIUS
Nisoniades terentius Scud. & Burg., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xi.ii, 292,
f. 6, 1870.
Nisoniades ovidius Scud. & Burg., op. cit. 295, f. 8.
Nisoniades naevius Lintner, Papilio I, 69, 1881.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. II, 1490, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 336, pi. xlviii, f. 3, 1898.
Florida, April, May and July. South Carolina, May. Mississippi, Au-
gust. The very dark, even color of this species is easy to recognize, and as
a rule the brown patch on the primaries is conspicuous.
13. THANAOS PACUVIUS
Nisoniades pacuvms Lint., 30th Eep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist. 172, 1878.
Holland, Butterfly Book 336, pi. xlviii, f. 9, 1898.
California, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado; March, May, June and
August.
14. THANAOS SCUDDERI
Thanaos scudderi Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XL, 215, 1914.
Thanaos pacuvvus G. & S. (not Lintner), Biol. Cent. -Am., Ehop. n, 458, pi.
91, ff. 16, 17, 1899.
Texas and Arizona, July and August. I am unable to separate this
species from pacuvius except by the structure of the male genitalia. Skin-
ner points out a slight difference in the hyaline spots.
15. THANAOS CLITUS
Thanaos clitus Edw., Papilio n, 180, 1882.
Thanaos maestus G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Ehop. n, 457, t. 91, f. 18, $ gen.,
1899.
Holland, Butterfly Book 336, pi. xlv, f. 8, 1898.
Arizona, May to August; California and Colorado.
16. THANAOS TRISTIS
Thanaos tristis Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2), x, 311, 1852.
Oberthiir, Etudes ix, (1), pi. COXL, f. 2081, 1913, figure of type.
California, June and August. Arizona.
HESPERIOIDEA OP AMERICA 55
form TATIUS
Tlianaos tatius Edw., Papilio n, 179, 1882.
Arizona, April, June, July, September.
17. THANAOS FUNERALIS
Nisoniades funeralis Scud. & Burg., Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist, xm, 293,
f. 7, 1870.
Holland, Butterfly Book 336, pi. xi.viii, f. 12, 1898.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 253, pi. xxxn, f. 468 and 464 (not clitus), 1905.
California, June. Arizona, Texas and Colorado, June and July. March
in the far south. The rather narrow primaries, of a dull, brownish color,
and the broad secondaries are unlike the other species of the genus.
The two following species cannot be fixed at present to any known form:
18. THANAOS PLAUTU8
Nisoniades plautus Scud. & Burg., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xm, 304,
f. 16, 1870.
Described from Florida. The figure of the genitalia has some points of
similarity with the genitalia of juvenalis.
19. THANAOS LILIUS
Thanaos lilius Dyar, Proc. U. S. N. M. xxvn, 788, 1904.
Dyar states (Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xm, 122) that the genitalia
of lilius are similar to those of tibidlus (=propertius) , while
Skinner's description of them in his "Studies" suggests those of
callidus, which was not correctly fixed at the time when his paper
was written. Apparently lilius will fall before one of these two
species, but an examination of the genitalia of the type will be
necessary to settle the matter. I am greatly indebted to Dr.
McDunnough for his notes on these species, for all data which
I am able to give here are based on his researches.
Genus TIMOCHARES Godman & Salvin
Timochares G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 417, 1896. Type
LeucocMtonea trifascmta Hew.
Palpi moderately large, much as in Thanaos, with a hairy
second joint and a stout, conical third joint, Antennae less
than one-half as long as primaries; club moderate, fusiform,
curved. Costa of primaries convex, with a long fold in the
male; apex rectangular, subtruncate; outer margin rounded
from vein 6 to anal angle. Secondaries trigonate; inner margin
about as long as wing measured through cell; outer margih
56 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
wavy. Neuration practically as in T. juvenalis. T. funeraMs
is structurally very close to this genus, but the apex of the pri-
maries is never distinctly subtruncate and the anal angle is
much more broadly rounded.
1. TIMOCHARES RUPTIFASCIATUS
Antigonus ruptifasciatus Plotz, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. xxxvn, 27, 1884.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 418, pi. 88, pp. 1, 2, 1896.
I have seen one male from Brownsville, Texas, in the Barnes collection.
Genus GRAIS Godman & Salvin
Grais G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 381, 1894. Type An-
astrus stigmaticus Mab.
The structure of this genus is very similar to that of the pre-
ceding, but the cell of the primaries is of almost equal width
throughout, and is approximately equal to the distance between
cell and costa. The male has neither costal fold nor tibial tuft.
1. GRAIS STIGMATICUS
Anastrus stigmaticus Mab., Bull. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxvi, liv, 1883.
Antigonus fumosus Plotz, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. xxxvn, 26, 1884.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Ehop. II, 381, pi. 84, ff. 24, 25, 26, 1894.
Kerrville, Texas; September.
Subfamily PAMPHILINAE
Palpi usually upturned; in a few genera porrect. Antennae
very variable in length ; club usually short and stout with a very
slender apiculus but sometimes longer ; apiculus sometimes thick
or absent. Primaries more or less trigonate; secondaries tri-
(gonate to rounded and lobed. Neuration as in the Hesperiinae
but with the L. D. C. usually tubular and vein 5 curved toward
the base in the primaries, arising nearer to 4 than to 6. Front
tibiae usually with the epiphysis; middle tibiae usually with
conspicuous spines; hind tibiae usually with two pairs of spurs
and never with a tuft. In the species of group A the spinula-
tion of the mid tibiae furnishes a convenient means for separat-
ing the insects from the Hesperiinae. Males often with stigma
on primaries.
The loss of the apiculus in the Pamphilinae seems to have been
brought about by its gradual reduction, a process of evolution
which is nicely illustrated by the transition from Oligoria to
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 57
Chaereplwn in Group B. I regard this as furnishing the phylo-
genetic basis for the separation of Group A from the Hesper-
iinae, which makes it necessary to explain their resemblance by
parallel or convergent evolution.
In place of the two groups into which the Pamphilinae have
commonly been divided I believe that a modification of the sys-
tem used in the Biologia will be of greater convenience. I have
therefore divided our fauna into four groups which are char-
acterized as follows:
Group A. Palpi porrect. Vein 5 of primaries straight, in-
termediate between 4 and 6 ; cell less than two-thirds as long as
wing. Club of antennae blunt. Carterocephalus and Butleria.
Group B. Palpi upturned ; third joint long and slender. An-
tennae short ; club blunt. Vein 5 of primaries curved slightly
toward 4 at base. Cell less than two-thirds as long as wing.
Ancyloxypha, Oarisma, Adopaea and Copaeodes.
Group C. Palpi appressed or oblique; third joint moderate
or small, long in Amblyscirtes. Antennae with a slender api-
culus in most genera. Vein 5 of primaries curved at base, us-
ually arising much nearer to 4 than to 6. Cell less than two-
thirds as long as wing. All North American genera not includ-
ed in A, B and D.
Group D. Palpi closely appressed, smoothly and deeply
scaled; third joint small. Club of antennae stout, with a fine,
abruptly constricted apiculus. Vein 5 arising much nearer to
4; cell about two-thirds as long as wing and with at least a rudi-
ment of a recurrent vein. Thespieus, Calpodes and Prenes.
GROUP A
Key to the genera
Hind tibiae with one pair of spurs Carterocephalus
Hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs Butleria
Genus CARTEROCEPHALUS Lederer
Carterocephalus Led., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien n, 26, 49, 1852.
Type : Papilio palaemon Pallas.
Second joint of palpi oblique, loosely clothed with long hairs ;
third slender, moderately long, enveloped by hairs of second.
Antennae less than one-half as long as primaries; club large,
58
IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
jmmM
Fig. 19. Butleria pirus Edw. a. Club of
antenna, b. Hind tibia, c. Neueration, d.
elongate ovate, flattened on its posterior surface, blunt. Pri-
maries trigonate with the outer margin rounded, rather narrow.
Vein 5 intermediate between 4
and 6; L. D. C. not tubular,
faint. Secondaries rounded ;
apex prominent and anal angle
slightly produced. Hind tibiae
with one pair of spurs; mid-
dle tibiae spined. Males with-
out secondary sexual struc-
tures. Fig. 19.
1. CARTEROCEPHALUS
PALAEMON
Papilio palaemon Pallas, Reise I,
471, 1771.
Papilio paniscus Fab., Syst. Ent.
531, 1775.
Hind tibia of Carterocephalus palaemon p apiKo Ironies Denn. & Schiff.
Wien Verz. 160, 1776.
Hesperia mandan Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, n, 20, pi. v, f. 1, 1863.
Hesperia mesapano Scud., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xi, 383, 1868.
Cyclopides skada Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. in, 196, 1870.
Stereoptes skada Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. in, 214, 1871.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1569, 1889.
Elwes & Edwards, Rev. Or. Hesp. 167, 1897.
Holland, Butterfly Book 342, xlvii, f. 1, 1898.
Canada, Mountains of New England and Rocky Mountains; June. Cal-
ifornia, Montana. Europe and Asia. Fort Providence, Mackenzie, July
(Cary). Yukon Territory (Winn).
Genus BUTLERIA Kirby
Butleria Kirby, Syn. Cat. 624, 1871. Type Carterooeplwlus
exornatus Felder.
Dalla Mab., Gen. Ins. xvii, 107, 1904. Type Cyclopides eryonas
Hew.
Very similar in structure to Carterocephalus but with two
pairs of spurs on the hind tibiae. Fig. 19.
Butleria was first characterized by Watson (P. Z. S. 1893, 79)
but according to Mabille his description does not fit the geno-
type. Mabille in turn characterized the genus to correspond
with the typical species in vol. xvii of the Genera Insectorum,
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 59
page 106, at the same time dividing it and naming one part
Dalla. Such differences as he mentions between the two seem
to be slight and transitional through the series of species in-
cluded, and I therefore sink Dalla. The description of Dalla
does not apply to our species as well as Mabille's diagnosis of
Butleria, so if the genera be separated again there is a possi-
bility that Butleria, and not Dalla will still be applicable in
our region.
Key to the species
Under surface of secondaries immaculate pirus
With a number of small pale spots microsticta
With a few large spots polingi
1. BUTLERIA PIRUS
Pholisora pirus Edw., Field and Forest in, 119, 1878.
Colorado, Utah, Arizona; June, July.
2. BUTLERIA MICROSTICTA
Butleria microsticta G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 464, pi. 92, ff, 1,
2, 3, 1900.
I have seen no specimens; the species is said to occur near the Mexican
border.
3. BUTLERIA POLINGI
Pyrgus polingi Barnes, Can. Ent. xxxn, 44, 1900.
Arizona, June and July.
GROUP B
Key to the genera
1. Wings broadly rounded Ancyloxijpha,
Wings more or less trigonate 2
2. All wings trigonate; male without stigma; club of antennae
about as long as shaft • • • Oarisma
Males with stigma; secondaries, at least, rounded; club not
as long as shaft ^
3. Secondaries rounded, primaries trigonate; club small
Copaeodes
Outer margin of primaries more oblique and rounded ; club
large, relatively long Adopaea
60
IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
^£SS^
Genus ANCYLOXYPHA Felder
Ancyloxypha Feld., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien xn, 477, 1862. Type
Hesperia monitor Fab.
Palpi upturned; second joint normal, deeply scaled; third
slender, pointed, almost as long as second. Antennae much less
than one-half as long as primar-
ies ; club blunt, moderately large.
Costa of primaries rounded at
base, less so in outer half ; outer
margin broadly rounded, cell
slightly less than three-fifths as
long as wing ; vein 5 nearer to 4
than to 6; 2 and 3 near end of
cell. Secondaries rather long
through cell, rounded; outer
margin slightly emarginate be-
ing, zu. Ancyloxypha numitor i'ab. a. t A i n hit i m
Club of antenna, b. Section of paipus; tween veins 4 and 6. Male with-
outer line shows limit of vestiture, c. Pal- , • -n- r./->
pus, d. Neuration OUt Stigma. Fig. 20.
Fig. 20. Ancyloxypha numitor Fab.
1. ANCYLOXYPHA NUMITOR
Hesperia numitor Fab., Ent. Syst. in, (i), 324, 1793.
Thymelicus puer Hbn., Verz. bek. Schmett. 113, 1820.
Heteropterus marginatus Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 3rd ed., 308, 1862.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1558, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 345, pi. xlvii, f. 2, 1898.
Atlantic coast west to Texas, north into Canada; May to August.
The disk of the primaries is black below, while that of the following
species is ruddy fulvous.
ab. LONGLEYI
Ancyloxypha longleyi French, Can. Ent. xxix, 80, 1897.
Described from Illinois. A form in which the primaries are glossy
black above.
2. ANCYLOXYPHA ARENE
Heteropterus arene Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. in, 214, 1871.
Copaeodes myrtis Edw., Papilio H, 26, 1882.
Apaustus leporina Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv, 166, 1884, (fide G. & S.).
Holland, Butterfly Book 346, pi. xlvii, f. 11, 1898.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 472, pi. 92, ff. 35-38, 1900.
Arizona, August. Differs from numitor in the absence of black from
the under surface of the primaries.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 61
Genus OARISMA Scudder
Oarisma Scudder, Syst. Rev. 54, (75), 1872. Type Hesperia
powesheik Parker.
Paradopaea G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 469, footnote, 1900.
Palpi as in Ancyloxypha. Anten-
nae much less than one-half as long as
primaries; club enlongate obovoid,
blunt, as long or nearly as long as
shaft. Costa of primaries straight ex-
cept at base and apex ; outer margin
curved only opposite cell ; entire wing
trigonate; cell about three-fifths as
long as wing ; vein 5 near 4 at base ;
3 near end of cell ; 2 about as far from
3 as from base of wing, variable. Sec-
ondaries trigonate, all margins slight-
ly rounded and anal angle very
slightly lobed. Male without stigma.
rig. £iX. j,.^ 21 Oarigma garita Reakirt :
a. "Club of antenna, d. Neuration.
Keif to the Species Jopaeodes aurantia-ca Hew. b. Club
J l of antenna, c. Palpus
1. Under surface of secondaries with white
veins on a dark ground before vein lb poivesheik
Veins not much paler than ground color 2
2. Upper surface bright yellow-fulvous edwardsi
Upper surface fuscous, variably powdered with yellow-fulvous .. garita
1. OARISMA GARITA
Hesperia garita Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vi, 150, 1866.
Thymelicus hylax Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. in, 274, 1871.
Paradopaea calega G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, pi. 92, ff. 26-29, 1900.
Paradopaea garita G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, pi. 92, ff. 23-24, 1900.
Oarisma powesheik G. & S., (not Parker) Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 469,
1900.
Holland, Butterfly Book 343, pi. xlvii, f. 3, 1898.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast pi. xxx, f. 408, 1905 (not lena Edw.)
Manitoba, Montana, Colorado, Idaho, Arizona; July.
Calega G. & S. looks in the figure as if it might be a good species but in
the text the authors refer it to garita. They also erroneously refer their
figures of garita to powesheik.
2. OARISMA EDWARDSI
Thymelicus edwardsi Barnes, Can. Ent. xxix, 42, 1897.
62 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Paradopaea garita G. & S. (not Reakirt) Biol. Cent.-Am. Rhop. in, pi. 92,
f. 25 $ genitalia, 1900.
Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico; June and July.
I have seen the type of this species and the pale upper surface is very
different from garita.
3. OARISMA POWE SHEIK
Hesperia powesheik Parker, Am. Ent. & Bot. n, 271, 1870.
Thymelicus garita Plotz (not Eeakirt), Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv, 287, 1884.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. in, 1859, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 343, pi. xlvii, f. 4, 1898.
Described from thirty-one males and two females taken June 21, 1870,
at Grinnell, Iowa. It has also been taken in Colorado and South Dakota,
•and I have observed it personally so near to the Minnesota line in Iowa
that it probably enters that state. Michigan (Wolcott).
Genus ADOPAEA Billberg
Adopaea Billb., Enurn. Ins. 81, 1820. Type Papilio thaumas
Hufn.
Similar to Copacodes but with the antennal club larger and
relatively longer, and with a rudiment of the apieulus. The
outer margin of the primaries is more oblique, relatively shorter,
and more deeply sinuate. The stigma of the male is similar.
This genus has been incorrectly used in the past in our fauna
for eunus and wrighti; it is represented only by an introduced
species.
1. ADOPAEA LINE OLA
Papilio lineola Ochs., Schmett. Eur. i, (2), 230, 1808.
Morris, British Butterflies, 153, pi. 70, 1890.
Spuler, Schmett. Eur. t. 18, ff. 6a, 6b, 1910.
47th Eep. Ent. Soc. Ont. 142, 1917.
Introduced from Europe. The reference in the report of the Entomolog-
ical Society of Ontario records its capture at London, Ontario, on July 1,
1910, and every year from then until the date of the publication.
Genus COPAEODES Speyer
Copaeodes Speyer, Edw. Cat. Lep. 49, 64, 1877. Type Heterop-
terus procris Edw.
Palpi upturned ; second joint densely scaled ; third fine, point-
ed, not quite as long as in Ancyloxyplia. Antennae scarcely
two-fifths as long as primaries; club rather small, stout, blunt.
Primaries trigonate; costa straight except at base and apex;
outer margin slightly sinuate; anal angle almost rectangular.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 63
Secondaries rounded, slightly lobed at anal angle. Wings more
elongate in female. Primaries of male with a slender, longi-
tudinal stigma. Cell of primaries about three-fifths as long as
wing; vein 5 arising much nearer to 4 than to 6. Fig. 21.
1. COPAEODES AURANTIACA
Ancyloxypha aurantiaca Hew., Desc. Hesp. 45, 1868.
Hesperia waco Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. II, 122, 1868.
Heteropterus minima Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. in, 196, 1870.
Hesperia procris Edw., op. cit. 215.
Thymelicus macra Plotz, Strett. Ent. Zeit. xlv, 284, 1884.
Copaeodes Candida Wright, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), in, 34, 1890.
Copaeodes nanus Watson, (not H.-S.), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, 98
(fide G. & S.).
Holland, Butterfly Book 345, pi. xlvii, f. 9, 1898.
Biol. Cent. -Am., Rhop. II, 473, pi. 92, ff. 39-42, 1900.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 236, pi. xxxi, ff. 409, 411, 1905.
Skinner, Ent. News xxix, 150, 1918.
Arizona, May, July, August and September. Texas, California, March,
May, August.
I cannot agree with Dr. Skinner that this and the following are but one
species, but as he suggests, rayata may fall before the female of procris,
in which case the latter name might be restricted to the female type and
retained as a species.
2. COPAEODES RAYATA
Copaeodes rayata B. & McD., Contributions n, (3), 100, pi. m, ff. 1, 2, 1913.
San Benito, Texas; June and July.
I have seen the types of this species and it is abundantly distinct from
aurantiaca. The pale ray is variably distinct, but the veins are darker
than the ground color and of a somewhat rusty shade on the lower surface
of the secondaries. The size is smaller than aurantiaca.
GROUP C
Key to the genera
1. Club of antennae blunt or with a rudiment of the apiculus
Chaerephon
Club of antennae with a sharp apiculus, sometimes very-
short 2
2. Vein 5 of primaries well curved toward base, arising con-
spicuously nearer to 4 than to 6 3
Vein 5 but slightly curved, only a little nearer to vein 4 at
base ; L. D. C. weak 11
64 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
3. Antennae scarcely longer than width of thorax. .HylephUa
Antennae distinctly longer 4
4. Mid tibiae with spines 5
Mid tibiae without spines Atrytone
5. Apiculus of antennae shorter than thickness of club or not
abruptly constricted 6
Apiculus at least equal to thickness of club, slender; either
abruptly constricted or distinctly longer than thickness of
club 9
6. Primaries apically produced and secondaries lobed ; apiculus
very short 7
Primaries and secondaries moderate; apiculus usually mod-
erately long 8
7. Male stigma slender; wings of female moderate. . . .Pamphila
Male stigma a large blotch ; wings of female similar to those
of male Atalopedes
8. Vein 2 of primaries slightly nearer to base of wing than to
vein 3. Secondaries well marked with yellow fulvous; see
description Augiades
Vein 2 variably nearer to 3 ; when doubtful, secondaries with
little fulvous, at the most a transverse band; see descrip-
tion Polites
Vein 2 immaterial. Club of antennae very stout, with a
fine apiculus, or moderate with a thick apiculus Poanes
9. Apiculus slender, about twice thickness of club .... Oligoria
Apiculus shorter or thick 10
10. Apiculus slender ; male stigma large, with large gray scales ;
under surface fuscous Catia
Apiculus tapered, not abruptly constricted; male without
stigma ; under surface not fuscous Poanes
Apiculus slender, variable, male stigma variable. Under
surface gray powdered to dark brown Atrytonopsis
11. Male stigma large; maculation yellow Epiphyses
Stigma not large; maculation not pale yellow 12
12. Apiculus fine; shorter than thickness of club Lerodea
Apiculus longer, or wings immaculate 13
13. Third joint of palpi long (ex. nanno) ■ fringes checkered
Amblyscirtes
Third joint short; fringes not checkered 14
HESPERIOIDEA OP AMERICA
65
14. Vein 5 almost intermediate between 4 and 6 ; under surface
with purplish lustre Lerema
Vein 5 considerably nearer to 4; under surface otherwise
Mast or
Genus CHAEREPHON Godman & Salvin
Chaerephon G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 474, 1900. Type
Pamphila citrus Mab.
Second joint of palpi upturned,
deeply scaled; third small, oblique,
smooth. Antennae less than one-half
as long as primaries ; club large, obo-
void, subacute but without a reflexed
apiculus. Costa of primaries straight
except at base ; apex produced, round-
ed acute in males, less sharp in fe- /" --^ ^
males ; outer margin rounded in cen- J^~— v^-— — ^\ /ffi
ter and straighter nearer apex and
anal angle,though almost evenly
rounded in some females. Secondar-
ies rounded, lobed at anal angle in
male, slightly so in female. Both
wings appear shorter and broader in &J!" oWb. 8 p~ 3
the male than in the female. Pri- ""&,£ ^t^TTtunut
maries of male with a faint stigma
composed of an oblique bar above vein 2 followed by two small
round patches in line below the vein. Fig. 22.
Key to the species
1. Wings yellow-fulvous eunus, wrighti
Wings mostly fuscous 2
2. Under surface gray powdery simius
Under surface more or less yellowish 3
3. Yellow of under surface of secondaries interspersed with dark patches;
maculation distinct rhesus
Yellow pale, dull, even; maculation obscure carus
1. CHAEEEPHON EUNUS
Copaeodes eunus Edw., Papilio i, 47, 1881.
Holland, Butterfly Book, pi. xlvii, f. 10, 1898 (as wrighti).
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 237, pi. xxxi, ff. 412, 414, 1905.
California, June.
66
IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
2. CHAEREPHON WRIGHTI
Copaeodes ivrighti Edw., Can. Ent. xiv, 152, 1882.
Wrighti is probably a synonym of eunus; the original description fits
eunus, the type localities are in the same part of California, and we do not
know of two species of these general characteristics. Both of these have
been erroneously placed in Adopaea in the past, whereas Adopaea is close-
ly related to Copaeodes and eunus is not at all similar in structure.
3. CHAEREPHON RHESUS
Pamphila rhesus Edw., Field and Forest in, 116, 1878.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Bhop. n, 475, pi. 93, ff. 5-7, 1900.
Skinner, Ent. News XI, pi. n, ff. 19, 20, 1900.
Kellogg, Am. Ins. pi. ix, ff. 19, 20, 1904.
Colorado, Arizona.
4. CHAEREPHON CARUS
Pamphila carus Edw., Can. Ent. xv, 34, 1883.
Texas and Arizona, May, July and September.
5. CHAEREPHON SIMIUS
Amolyscirtes simius Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, 6, 1881.
Holland, Butterfly Book 341, pi. xlvii, f. 8, 1898.
Colorado; Sioux County, Nebraska, July.
This is one of our rarer species. I am indebted to Mr. Leussler for a
specimen taken in Sioux County, Nebraska, the only one in my possession.
Genus PAMPHILA Fabricius
Pamphila Fab., 111. Mag. vi, 287, 1807. Type Papilio comma
Linn.
55, (76), 1872.
Ocytes Scud., Syst. Rev.
Scud.
Anthoniaster Scud., Syst.
leonardus Harris.
Rev. 57, (78).
Type Erynms metea
1872. Type Hesperia
Fig. 23. Pamphila and Auc/iades, a. Palpus of
A. sno-wi, b. Club of antenna cf P. viridis $,
c. Same, female, d. Palpus of P. viridis, e.
Same, denunded, f. Section of palpus of A.
sylvanus; outer line shows limit of vestiture,
g. Palpus of A. napa
Palpi upturned ; second
joint with a smooth vesti-
ture of scales and some
hairs; third about one-half
as long as second but part-
ly concealed. Antennae
less than one-half as long
as primaries; club large
with a very small apiculus
which is a little longer in
the female. Costa slightly
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA G7
emarginate to slightly convex ; outer margin slightly sinuate to
evenly rounded, usually more rounded in the female. Secondaries
rounded, slightly lobed at anal angle. In all of the species the
wings of the females are longer and more rounded than those of
the males. Vein 5 of primaries arising very near to 4 ; 3 near
end of cell ; 2 about intermediate between 3 and base of wing ;
cell slightly over three-fifths as long as wing. Vein 7 of second-
aries slightly nearer to end of cell than to 8. Mid tibiae spiny.
Male stigma slender, strong, extending from base of vein 3 to
basal third of vein 1 and made up of a long piece in front of
vein 2 and a shorter piece behind 2 which is set just outside of
the first but is continuous with it. Fig. 23.
Key to the species
This key is not to be regarded as a means of ultimate identification; in
Pamphila no key can be sufficient in itself, for many of our species and
forms intergrade to such an extent that only a practiced eye can even sort
them properly. The key to the forms of comma included here is based
on specimens in the Barnes collection which have been compared with the
types, and so may be relied on for typical specimens. It will not, how-
ever, suffice for the placing of the multitude of intermediate forms which
occur in large series.
1. Under surface of secondaries with alternating greenish and fuscous
areas ; veins white on disk uncos
Under surface evenly colored; veins not white 2
2. Upper surface fuscous with reduced, poorly defined, pale spots; under
surface of secondaries with a pale band metea
Upper surface more or less fulvous or with well defined spots, or lower
surface with separate spots 3
3. Under surface of secondaries with a pale ray in the cell morrisoni
With or without a pale spot in cell 4
4. Under surface of secondaries yellow to brown with an oblique band
of uniform, confluent white spots posterior to vein 6; sometimes with
a single spot before this band Columbia
Spots making up band, when present, not confluent, unequal, irregular-
ly placed or with more than one spot before vein 6. Under surface
usually greenish in forms which are likely to confuse 5
5. Under surface of secondaries with sharply defined white spots or yel-
lowish to greenish with the bent macular band traceable 6
Under surface without sharply defined white spots; immaculate or with
traces of separate spots, usually poorly defined or not white 13
6. Under surface of primaries fuscous; spots on secondaries small and
rounded seminole
Under surface of primaries with some fulvous or spots on secondaries
otherwise 7
68 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
7. Spot on under surface of secondaries just behind vein 2 nearer base
of wing than rest of band or absent. Band sometimes too much mod-
ified to show this difference 8
This spot on a line with rest of band or outside of it ; band well marked,
white viridis
8. Spots not confluent, their size variable; under surface usually dark
with sparse over-scaling woodgatei
Spots usually confluent or over-scaling dense 9
9. Upper surface bright with sharp contrasts; costal area of primaries
fulvous; white spots of lower surface very large and bright juba
Upper surface with a variable diffusion of fuscous; when maculation
is sharp, the other characters differ. Spots below moderate to greatly
reduced, white or yellowish 10
10. Maculation below yellow but not reduced sassacus 12
Maculation white or greatly reduced 11
11. Macular band with one spot before vein 7, one behind vein 2 followed
by a trace of a second; band irregular; superficial vestiture gray-
green
.nevada
Band equally contrasting but more regular and abbreviated, usually
with no spot before 7 and only one reduced spot behind 2 ; superficial
vestiture green Colorado
Spots dull white; superficial vestiture golden brown manitoba
Under surface of secondaries very smooth in appearance, yellow; spots
white idaho
Spots greatly reduced, white assiniboia
Spots greatly reduced, yellowish oregonia
12. Under surface of secondaries pale; maculation faint sassacus
Under surface dark; maculation contrasting . sassacus, race manitoboides
13. Under surface of secondaries dark red-brown with pale, cream-white
spots leonardus
Under surface otherwise 14
14. Pale maculation above very diffuse; pale area in end of cell of pri-
maries showing two pale nuclei, always vague, .sassacus, race dacotae
Cell of primaries with two sharply defined spots in end, or with these
indistinguishably fused 15
15. Disk of secondaries above with fulvous spots ( $ ) ; under surface very
dark ( $ ) attains, race seminole
Disk more or less broadly fulvous ($); under surface pale ($)... .16
16. Under surface of secondaries yellow-fulvous, with or without vague
traces of large spots meskei
Under surface of a lighter shade, more or less yellow; spots small
or absent 17
17. Southern species, Florida, Texas, Ohio? attains
Prairie species, Iowa, Nebraska, Dakota, Montana, and California
ottoe, pawnee, pawnee race montana
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 69
1. P AM PHI LA UNCAS
Hesperia uncas Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, n, 19, pi. v, f. 3, 1863.
Hesperia ridingsi Reakirt, Proe. Ent. Soc. Phil, vi, 151, 1866.
Hesperia axius Plotz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xliv, 213, 1883.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. in, 1862, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 349, pi. xlvii, ff. 27, 28, 1898.
Colorado and Arizona, June and July.
2. P AM PHI LA LASUS
Pamphila lasus Edw., Papilio iv, 54, 1884.
Described from Arizona. I do not know the species.
3. PAMPHILA LICINUS
Pamphila licinus Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. in, 275, 1871.
I do not know this species.
4. PAMPHILA ME TEA
Hesperia metea Scud., Proc. Ess. Inst, in, 177, 1862.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1650, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 348, pi. xlvii, ff. 33, 34, 1898.
New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Isl-
and; May and June. This species is readily distinguished by its dark
color, vague, whitish maculation and the tendency of the macular band on
the under surface of the secondaries to be produced along the veins. The
spots making up this band are neither separate nor very bright as in the
other dark colored species.
5. PAMPHILA MORRISONI
Pamphila morrisoni Edw., Field and Forest in, 116, 1878.
Hesperia morissoni Plbtz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xliv, 215, 1883.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 478, pi. 93, ff. 9, 10, 1900.
Colorado, May.
This is a small, bright species which is readily recognked by the elonga-
tion of the white mark in the cell of the secondaries below.
6. PAMPHILA COLUMBIA
Pamphila Columbia Scud., Syst. Rev. 56, (77), 1872.
Pamphila sylvatwides Scud., (not Boisd.) Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, n,
(3), 351, pi. x, f. 22 (type), pi. xi, pp. 15, 17, 1874.
Pamphila California Wright, Butt. W. Coast 241, pi. xxxi, 423, 1905.
Thymelicus erynnioides Dyar, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xv, 50, 1907.
California, April and October.
All of the specimens in the Barnes collection have the band very even,
as mentioned in the key; in Wright's figure it appears to be somewhat re-
duced toward the anal angle, but the color of the under surface of the
secondary is characteristic.
70 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
7. PAMPHILA NEVADA (Plato I, Fig. 9)
Pamph/ila nevada Scud., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, u, 347, pi. x, ff. 1-4, pi.
xi, ff. 3, 4, 1874.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 240, pi. xxx, pp. 418, c, 419, b, c, 421, b, c, 1905.
I follow Dr. McDunnough in making this species distinct from comma.
There is some difference in the male genitalia and if we restrict nevada
to the typical form the under surface differs as noted in the key. Arizona
to Northern Canada.
8. PAMPHILA COMMA
PampMla comma Linn., Syst. Nat. 484, 1758.
Comma is a European species and does not occur in its typical form in
this country.
8a. race COLORADO PI. I, fig. 11
Pamphila Colorado Scud., Mem. Bbst. Soc. Nat. Hist, n, 349, pi. x, ff. 16,
17, 18, pi. xi, ff. 1, 2, 1874.
Arizona north to Washington, California.
In the typical form the under surface of the secondaries is bright green
with the band pure white, short, rather even, and the basal marks united
to form a U.
8b. race MANITOBA
Pamphila ma7iitoba Scud., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, n, 351, pi. X, ff. 8-
11, pi. xi, ff. 7, 8, 1874.
Scud., Butt. New Eng. II, 1646, 1889.
Pamphila manitoba, var. laurentina Lyman, Can. Ent. xxrv, 57, 1892.
Northwestern United States and Western Canada.
The typical form is golden brown beneath with whitish maculation.
8c. race IDAHO
Pamphila Colorado, var. idalw Edw., Can. Ent. xv, 148, 1883.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 241, pi. xxxi, f. 422, 1905.
California, Oregon, north into Canada.
The smooth, yellow appearance of the under surface of the secondaries
is characteristic.
8d. race ASSINIBOIA
Pamphila manitoba, var. assiniboia Lyman, Can. Ent. xxrv, 57, 1892.
Begina, Canada.
8e. race OBEGONIA Plate i, fig. 13
Pamphila oregonia Edw., Can. Ent. xv, 150, 1883.
Nevada, west to the coast and north into Canada.
The maculation of the under surface is similar to that of assiniboia but
yellowish instead of white.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 71
9. PAMPHILA RU RICO LA
Hesperia ruricola Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2), x, 315, 1852.
Described from California.
Many things have been referred to this species, which may be one of the
forms of comma. I know nothing of the type nor of authentic specimens.
10. PAMPHILA JUBA
Hesperia comma Boisd. (not Linn.), Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2), x, 313,
1852.
Pamplvila juba Scud., Syst. Rev. 5G, (77), 1872.
Scudder, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, n, 349, pi. x, ff. 19, 20, pi. xi, ff. 5,
6, 1874.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 239, pi. xxx, ff. 417, 418b $ (not viridis $ ), 1905.
Oberthiir, Etudes ix, (1), p. 43, pi. coxl, f. 2082 (comma Bdv.).
Utah, Colorado, Nevada, California; May and June.
11. PAMPHILA WOOD GAT EI
Pamphila icoodgatei Williams, Ent. News xxv, 266, 1914.
Arizona, Texas and New Mexico; September and October.
This has been placed as a variety of juba but I believe that it is dis-
tinct. I have had no males for dissection.
12. PAMPHILA VIRIDIS (Plate I, Fig. 12)
Pamphila juba var. viridis Edw., Can. Ent. xv, 147, 1883.
Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas; June and September.
The form of the macular band in this species is unique and apparently
constant.
13. PAMPHILA LEONARDUS
Hesperia leonardus Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 3rd ed., 314, f. 138, 1862.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1673, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 349, pi. xlvii, ff. 35, 36, 1898.
New York, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, west to the Mississippi; occa-
sional in eastern Iowa; August and September. Scudder records it from
Ontario and Florida, the latter in March and April (Butt. New Eng. n,
1676-7).
14. PAMPHILA CABELUS
Pamphila cabelus Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, 4, 1881.
Described from Nevada.
This is another of our lost species of Pamphila. Apparently it belongs in
the ottoe group.
15. PAMPHILA HARPALUS
Pamphila harpalus Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, 3, 1881.
Described from Nevada.
The same may be said of this as of the preceding.
72 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
16. PAMPHILA AT TALUS
PampMla attains Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. in, 276, 1871.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. H, 1653, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Bbok 349, pi. xlvii, f. 23, 1898.
Florida, Texas. In the Barnes collection several specimens are labelled
Ohio, and Scudder (Butt. New Eng. n, 1655) mentions records from Wis-
consin, Iowa and New Jersey. I think that the middle western records
are more likely to be pawnee or ottoe. Southern specimens of attalus are
darker than these two species, and have the spots of the upper surface dark-
er and more reddish.
16a. race SEMINOLE
Ocytes seminole Scud., Syst. Eev. 55, (76), 1872.
Erynnis attalus quaiapen Scud., Butt. New Eng. 1655, 1889.
PampMla slossonae Skinner, Ent. Amer. vi, 138, 1890.
Florida, April to June, October.
Seminole is very dark both above and below. The maculation is re-
stricted in the male, and the under surface of the primaries very slightly
marked with fulvous, while in the female all spots are whitish and the
under surface is not marked with fulvous. Scudder describes quaiapen as
a female form of attalus.
17. PAMPHILA MESKEI
PampMla meslcei Edw., Can. Ent. ix, 58, 1877.
PampMla straton Edw., Papilio, i, 78, 1881.
Florida and Texas.
I have seen only three males in the Barnes collection. These resemble
attalus above; beneath the secondaries are yellow-fulvous, immaculate in
one of the three specimens and with traces of large, diffuse, pale spots in
the other two.
18. PAMPHILA OTTOE
Hesperia ottoe Edw., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil, vr, 207, 1866.
Scudder, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, n, 348, pi. x, f. 6, pi. xi, f. 13, 1874.
In the typical form the males are tawny above with a very narrow ter-
minal border of fuscous, and compared specimens' in the Barnes collec-
tion have the under surface bright yellow. I have taken a species at Sioux
City, Iowa, in late July and early August which I have placed as ottoe
and which is distinguished by the ochraceous under surface and the exten-
sion of the pale area of the upper surface along the veins into the moder-
ately broad fuscous terminal border. True pawnee occurs in this locality
at a different season. Specimens in the Barnes collection are from Mon-
tana.
19. PAMPHILA PAWNEE
Hesperia pawnee Dodge, Can. Ent. vi, 44, 1874.
Montana, July. Colorado, September. Omaha, Neb., June. South Da-
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 73
kota, Sioux City, Iowa, late June and early July, late August and early
September. Described from Dodge County, Neb.
The under surface is usually immaculate yellow, in the female sometimes
grayish and usually with small pale spots. The spots on the upper surface
of the primaries in the female are very pale, and this sex closely resembles
attalus. The males of this species may be distinguished by the more ex-
tensive pale areas of the upper surface and their lighter shade.
19a. race MONTANA
Pamphila pawnee subsp. montana Skinner, Ent. News xxn, 413, 1911.
California, Colorado, Montana.
A specimen in the Barnes collection which has been compared with the
type is much darker than normal pawnee, both above and below.
20. PAMPHILA SASSACUS
Hesperia sassacus Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 3rd ed., 315, 1862.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1641, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 348, pi. xlvi, f. 13, 1898.
Holland, Butterfly Book pi. xlvii, f. 44, 1898, (not sylvanoides) .
Kellogg, Am. Ins. pi. x, f. 5, 1904.
New Jersey, New York and Connecticut, westward into Iowa; June,
July, August.
20a. race MANITOBOIDES
Pamphila manitoboides Fletcher, Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont. for 1888, p. 85, 1889.
Ontario, Canada.
Dr. W. T. M. Forbes has called my attention to this relationship of
manitoboides, which seems so close that I am adopting his arrangement.
Formerly it has been called a distinct species or a form of comma, but
it is identical with sassacus except in the darker color and greater contrast
of the markings of the lower surface.
20b. race DACOTAE
Pamphila sassacus, subsp. dacotae Skinner, Ent. News xxn, 412, 1911.
South Dakota, June. Sioux City, Iowa.
I have seen paratypes of both sexes in the Barnes collection, and in the
males the only difference which I can formulate between this form and
sassacus is a general darkness of color and obscureness of the under sur-
face. The females have the markings of the upper surface greatly reduced
and diffuse, and the lower surface grayish with small, indefinite spots.
21. PAMPHILA HORUS
Hesperia horus Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. in, 277, 1871.
Barnes & McDunnough, Contributions IV, (2), 80, 1918.
Type locality Dallas, Texas. Apparently this species belongs in Pam-
phila, but I know nothing of it except from the description and Barnes and
McDunnough 's note.
74
IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Genus HYLEPHILA Billberg
Hylephila Billb., Enum. Ins. 81, 1820. Type Papilio phylaeus
Drury.
Euthymus Scud., Syst. Rev. 56, (77), 1872. Type P. phylaeus
Drury.
This genus closely resembles Pamphila in structure but dif-
fers in the very short antennae and the straighter stigma. The
female, as in Atalopedes, does not differ much in general struc-
ture from the male; some are almost indistinguishable from
campestris, but they never have hyaline spots on the primaries.
We have but one species of Hylephila.
1. HYLEPHILA PHYLAEUS
Papilio phylaeus Drury, 111. Ex. Ent. I, 25, pi. xm, ff. 4, 5, 1770 and II,
app., 1773.
Pherniades augias Hiibner, (not Linn.), Zutr. exot. Schmett. n, 10, pi. 531,
ff. 227, 228, 1821-23.
Pamphila bucephalus Steph., 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. I, 102, pi. 10, ff. 1, 2,
1828.
9 Pamphila Mia Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1870, 504, (fide G. &
S.).
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1631, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book, 354, pi. xlvii, f. 40, (not brettus$), pi. xlvi, ff.
18, 19, 1898.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast pi. xxxi, f. 437 (not brettus $ ), 138 $ , b and c $
(not brettoides), 1905.
Pennsylvania, August; Illinois, April and
October. Southern United States from Flor-
ida to Arizona, April to October. Califor-
nia, June and July.
Genus ATALOPEDES Scudder
Atalopedes Scudder, Syst. Rev. 57,
(78), 1872. Type Hesperia Hur-
on Edw.
Pansydia Scud., Syst. Rev. 60, (81),
1872. Type Hesperia mesogram-
ma Poey.
Apiculus of antennae longer than in
Pamphila, over one-half thickness of
Fig. 24. AM^edes campcsMs club ^ female. Stigma a large, black
Boisd, a^CluW antenna, b. Pal- blotch? SQ great l y developed aS to
IIESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 75
cause distortion of the posterior margin of the cell so that oppo-
site the stigma the width of the cell is less than its distance from
the margin. Base of vein 3 strongly curved; apical angle of
cell more produced than in Pamphila; vein 7 of secondaries near-
er to 8 than to end of cell in male. There is much less differ-
ence in structure between the sexes in this genus than in Pam-
phila. Fig. 24.
1. ATALOPEDES CAMPESTRIS
Hesperia campestris Boisd., Ann. Soe. Ent. France (2), x, 316, 1852.
$ Hesperia sylvanoides Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2), x, 313, 1852.
Hesperia huron Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, n, 16, pi. i, ff, 1, 2, 1863.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1661, 1884.
Holland, Butterfly Book 352, pi. xlvi, ff, 4, 5, 1898.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 245, pi. xxxi, f. 435, 1905.
Oberthiir, Etudes IX, (1), pi. coxl, ff. 2082, $ type; 2085, $ type of syl-
vanoides, 1905.
Atlantic to Pacific, Gulf to northern Iowa and Illinois; March to Octo-
ber.
The large stigma of the male and the hyaline spots on the primaries of
the female furnish a convenient means for the identification of this species.
Genus AUGIADES Hiibner
Augiades Hbn., Verz. bek. Schmett. 112, 1820. Type Papilio
sylvanus Esper.
Ochlodes Scud., Syst. Rev. 57, (78), 1872. Type Hesperia ne-
morum Boisd.
Palpi upturned; third joint oblique, very small, without its
vestiture about one-quarter as long as the second. Apiculus of
antennae variable but never longer than diameter of club. Costa
of primaries flattened; outer margin more strongly curved to-
ward apex; cell about three-fifths as long as wing; vein 5 curv-
ing slightly toward 4; discocellulars very oblique. Secondaries
rounded, slightly lobed at anal angle. Stigma straight, moder-
ately heavy, extending from base of vein 3 to basal two-fifths
of 1, broken on 2. Mid tibiae weakly spined. Fig. 23.
I group this rather varied lot of species because of the ex-
tremely short third joint of their palpi. This is not readily
seen except when bleached or denuded, but I have carefully ex-
amined sylvanus, sylvanoides, agricola, and snowi and find that
they agree, while the others can readily be associated on super-
ficial resemblance. Other structures are rather variable.
76 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Key to the species
1. Spots of primaries shaply defined, often hyaline or subhyaline 2
Spots more or less ill defined, never hyaline 3
2. Expanse over one inch; fulvous spots restricted snowi
Less than one inch; fulvous of secondaries a diffused discal patch
milo, agricola
3. Large; wings pale, tawny, with a little fuscous along the outer mar-
gin yuma
Smaller ; wings not broadly tawny 4
4. Under surface of secondaries with a variably distinct pale transverse
band ; ground color not pure pale yellowish sylvanoides, napa
Under surface without a pale band, yellow. nemorum, pratvncola
1. AUGIADES SYLVANOIDES
Eesperia sylvanoides Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2), x, 313, 1852.
9 Eesperia pratmcola Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2), x, 315, 1852.
Eesperia agricola Plotz, (not Boisd.), Stett, ent. Zeit. xuv, 219, 1883.
Eesperia francisea Plotz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xliv, 220, 1883.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 243, pi. xxxi, ff. 430, c, 432, 433, b, c, 1905.
Oberthur, Etudes ix, (1), pi. ccxl, ff. 2083, 2084, 2089, 1913.
California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia; June to August.
la. race NAPA
Eesperia napa Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, iv, 202, pi. i, ff. 3, 4, 1864.
Colorado, August.
This is practically the same in appearance as sylvanoides but is larger
and the under surface of the secondaries is less variable.
2. AUGIADES NEMORUM
Eesperia nemorum Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2), x, 314, 1852.
PampMla verus Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, 4, 1881.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast, pi. xxxi, ff. 430b, 431, 431c?, 1905.
Oberthur, Etudes ix, (1), pi. OCXL, f. 2086, 1913 (type).
California, June.
2a. race PEATINCOLA
Eesperia pratincola Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2), x, 315, 1852.
Oberthur, Etudes ix, (1), pi. ccxl, f. 2088, 1913 (type).
I follow Barnes and McDunnough 's Check List in placing this form.
The insect is not represented in the Barnes collection, but Oberthur 's ex-
cellent figure looks like a specimen of nemorum with the fuscous marginal
areas of the upper surface greatly reduced.
3. AUGIADES AGRICOLA
Eesperia agricola Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2), x, 314, 1852.
Eesperia yreka Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vi, 207, 1866.
PampMla milo Edw., Can. Ent. xv, 34, 1883.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 77
Pamphila nemorum Skinner (not Boisd.), Ent. News xi, pi. n, f. 21, 1900.
Kellogg, Am. Ins. pi. IX, f. 21, 1904.
Oberthiir, Etudes IX, (1), pi. coxl, f. 2087, 1913 (type).
California, May to July.
Edward's description states that milo has hyaline spots in the primaries
and agricola none; Oberthiir 's figure proves that they are present in the
type of agricola, hence milo is probably merely a synonym.
4. AUGIADES SNOWI
Pamphila snowi Edw., Can. Ent. ix, 29, 1877.
Holland, Butterfly Book 350, pi. xlvii, ff. 29, 30, 1898.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. II, 483, pi, 93, ff. 19-23, 1900.
Arizona and Colorado, June and July.
5. AUGIADES YUMA
Hesperia yuma Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. iv, 346, 1873.
Pamphila scudderi Skinner, Ent. News x, 111, 1899.
Skinner, Ent. News XI, pi. n, ff. 9, 10, 1900.
California, June. Utah and Arizona, July.
Genus POLITE S Scudder
Polites Scud., Syst. Rev. 57, (78), 1872. Type Hesperia peckius
Kirby.
Hedone Scud., op. cit. 58, (79), Type Hesperia brettus Bd. &
Lee.
Lhnochores Scud., op. cit. 59, (80). Type Hesperia manataaqua
Scud.
Pyrrhosidia Scud., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, n, 346, 1874.
Type Hesperia mystic Edw.
Palpi upturned ; third joint about one-half as long as second,
slender, distinct. Antennae shorter than in Augiades, varying
from two-fifths as long as the primaries in some females to one-
half in some males; club rather large, usually longer in the
female and occasionally almost as long as the shaft; apiculus
abruptly constricted and reflexed, shorter than thickness of club
though variable in length. Wings variable; costa of primaries
usually straight except at base and apex but sometimes slightly
emarginate or convex; outer margin very slightly sinuate to
evenly rounded, more rounded in the female. Primaries often
apically produced in the male, less so in the female. Second-
aries broadly rounded, very slightly lobed at the anal angle.
Cell of primaries about three-fifths as long as wing ; vein 5 much
78
IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
nearer to 4 than to 6 at base ; 2 always arising nearer to 3 than
to base of wing but variable ; discocellulars moderately oblique.
Mid tibiae with promi-
nent spines. Stigma of
male in its most com-
plex form made up of
an outer oblique black
line, a black dash from
end of cell to vein 2
and a black spot above
the basal third of vein
1, the enclosed space
filled with gray scales,
and the entire stigma
followed by a patch of
raised gray scales. In
many of the species the
stigma is much sim-
pler. Fig. 25.
I believe that the ac-
tion of Barnes and Mc-
Dunnough with refer-
ence to this group of
species ( Contributions
in, 130) is the best
possible treatment. It
may be possible to split
3ff Limochores but I
find such a complete
transition in the structures that I hesitate to do so. I place verna
here because its relation to manataaqua seems to me much closer
than with the species of Atrytonopsis, where Barnes and McDun-
nough place it, The gentitalia of the male are closer to deva, but
those of the two genera are of a very similar type. The apiculus
of the antennae is usually longer than in Polites, but I have found
it variable, and in some specimens fairly short.
Key to the species
1. Under surface of secondaries immaculate or with a transverse band of
pale spots, never sharply bent opposite cell nor with spot at this point
much the largest 2
Secondaries otherwise below 7
Fig. 25. Polites. Antenna] clubs : a. verna, b. man-
ataaqua f; , c. manataaqua Q. Palpi: d. verna, e.
verna. denuded, dorsal aspect, f. manataaqua, g.
brettus, denuded. Neuration and details: h. peekius A ,
i. Posterior margin of cell of primaries of peekius ,
j. Same, taumas ^ , k. Same, mystic Q, 1. Same,
sonora ^ , m. Same, manataaqua Q, n. Middle leg
of verna
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 79
2. Upper surface of secondaries immaculate or with a few very vague
spots
Upper surface always with the transverse row of spots, more or less
suffused; usually with a spot in cell 5
3. Small Florida species. Stigma of male very small, female usually
with a few powdery whitish spots on the under surface of the sec-
ondaries baracoa
Usually moderate to large. Stigma large. Spots, when present, not
superficial and powdery, and usually showing slightly on upper sur-
face
4. Smaller; male stigma with several velvety black areas; female with
maculation of primaries tinged with fulvous, costa and cell often part-
ly fulvous cernes
Larger; stigma of male continuous or broken only on vein 2; macula-
tion of female pale, whitish, rarely with a little pale fulvous in cell
manataaqua
5. Under surface of secondaries powdered with yellowish to green scales;
macular band slender sonora
Color straw yellow to brown ; band broader 6
6. Male stigma slender, broken on vein 2; female usually with much yel-
low-fulvous above; in western specimens pale below and well marked
above m V stic
Male stigma with three black areas; female with hazy transverse rows
of spots on all wings and some fulvous in cell, not extensively marked ;
dark below, powdered with yellow. Western species mardon
7. Pale areas on under surface extending in pale lines along the veins
sabuleti
Pale areas at most angulate on veins 8
8. All spots of macular band large, but not equal, that between 4 and 6
largest ; color yellow peckius
Spots small except the one between 4 and 6 ; color white or whitish
draco
Pale area covering entire wing except a few dark patches, not divided
into separate spots and rarely defined as a band ; secondaries sometimes
entirely yellow below. Female with yellow areas heavily powdered with
dark scales ; secondaries immaculate above 9
9. Male stigma very broad stigma
Male stigma moderate brettus, chuska ( ?)
1. POLITE S VEEN A
Pamphila verna Edw., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862, 57.
Pamphila pottawattomie Worth., Can. Ent. xn, 50, 1880.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1742, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 360, pi. xlvi, f. 32, 1898.
Eastern United States, west to Colorado, July.
80 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
2. POLITE 8 MANATAAQUA
Hesperia cern-es Harris, (not Boisd.), Ins. Inj. Veg., 3rd ed., 316, 1862.
Hesperia manataaqua Scudder, Proc. Ess. Inst, ill, 175, 1863.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1720, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 357, pi. xlvi, f. 30, 1898.
Northeastern United States west into Nebraska and South Dakota; June
and July.
Holland's figure looks like a dark female of taumas. Manataaqua is
readily distinguished from taumas in the female sex by its darker color,
paler maculation and larger size, though the difference is difficult to explain
in a key.
2a. race EHENA
Pamphila rhena Edw., Field and Forest in, 115, 1878.
PampMla alcina Skinner, Ent. News IV, 212, 1893.
Skinner, Ent. News xi, 414, pi. n, f. 25, 1900 (type of alcina).
Kellogg, Am. Ins. pi. ix, f. 25, 1904 (type of alcina).
Although retained for many years as a species this is apparently only the
western race of manataaqua. It is distinguished from the typical form by
its paler color, more extensive markings and the larger amount of pale
tawny or yellow fulvous which marks the upper surface. Colorado.
3. POLITE S TAUMAS
Papilio taumas Fab., Mant. Ins. n, 84, 1787.
Hesperia thaumas Fab. (not Hufn.), Ent. Syst. in, (i), 327, 1793.
Hesperia phocion Fab., Ent. Syst., Supp. 431, 1798.
Hesperia cernes Bd. & Lee, Lep. Am. Sept. pi. 76, ff. 1, 2, 1833.
Hesperia ahaton Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 3rd ed., 317, f. 140, 1862.
Butler, Cat, Fab. Diurn. Lep. B. M., 277, pi. 2, f. 14; pi. 3, f. 9, 1869.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1725, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 357, pi. xlvii, f. 20, 1898.
United States and Canada, April to August.
I see no reason to doubt that Fabricius ' name applies to this species.
4. POLITES BARACOA
Hesperia baracoa Lucas, Sagra's Hist. Cuba vn, 650, 1857.
Pamphila amadis H.-S., Corr.-Blatt Begensb. xvn, 142, 1863.
Pamphila myus French, Can. Ent. xvn, 33, 1885.
Florida, February to April, July, September. I have seen one record of
its occurrence at Toronto, Canada (A List of Butterflies taken at Toronto,
Gibson, Ont. Nat. Sci. Bull. No. 6, 1910, 35-44. Baracoa det, Skinner) but
the only specimens which I have seen came from Florida.
The species is smaller and darker than taumas and the males are easily
distinguished by the small stigma. Some females of taumas run very
close, but in most specimens of baracoa the powdery spots mentioned in
the key are present.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 81
5. POLITE 8 MARDON
Pamphila mardon Edw., Papilio i, 47, 1881.
Holland, Butterfly Book 354, pi. xlvii, f. 26, 1898.
Washington, Oregon.
6. POLITES PECKIUS
Hesperia peclcius Kirby, Faun. Bor. Am. iv, 300, pi. 4, ff. 2, 3, 1837.
Resperia wamsutta Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 3rd ed., 318, f. 141, 1862.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1683, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book, 353, pi. xlvii, ff. 24, 25, 1898.
Atlantic coast to Texas and Arizona, southern Canada; May to July.
It requires more imagination than I possess to see pecl'ius in Cramer's
figure of coras.
7. POLITES 8 ABU LET I
Hesperia sabuleti Boisd., Ann. Soc. France (2), x, 316, 1852.
Hesperia genoa Plotz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xliv, 207, 1883.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 246, pi. xxxi, 440, 1905.
Oberthiir, Etudes IX, (1), pi. cdXL, ff. 2091, 2092, 1913.
California, April, July to September.
The pale marks of the lower surface are yellowish on a background of
darker yellowish color.
7a. race TECUMSEH
Pamphila sabuleti, var. tecumseh Grinnell, Ent. News xiv, 11, 1903.
Pamphila chispa Wright, Butt. W. Coast 247, pi. xxxi, f. 441, 1905.
California, June to August.
Tecumseh is smaller than typical sabuleti and has the fulvous areas of
the upper surface more restricted. The under surface has a greenish-gray
tone and the pale spots are smaller.
8. POLITES DRACO
Pamphila draco Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. in, 274, 1871.
Skinner, Ent. News xi, pi. n, f. 23, 1900.
Kellogg, Am. Ins. pi. ix, f. 23, 1904.
California, Utah and Colorado, June to August.
9. POLITES SONORA
Ochlodes sonora Scud., Syst. Rev. 57, (78), 1872.
Pamphila siris Edw., Papilio I, 47, 1881.
Pamphila sylvanoides Skinner, Syn. Cat. N. Am. Rhop. 84, 1898.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 242, pi. xxxi, f. 425, 426 (not Columbia), 1905.
Washington, Oregon, California; May, June, July and August.
The only difference which I can see between this and Skinner's variety
in the series in the Barnes collection is the more yellow color of the under
surface of its secondaries.
82 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
9a. race UTAHENSIS
PampMla sylvanoides, subsp. utahensis Skinner, Ent. News xxn, 413, 1911.
Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado and Utah; July and August.
I would apply this name to the specimens of sylvanoides which are green
below.
10. POLITES MYSTIC
Hesperia mystio Scud., Proc. Ess. Inst, ni, 172, 1863.
Holland, Butterfly Book 351, pi. xlvi, ff. 22, 23, 1898.
New Jersey, north into Canada and west beyond the Missouri Biver;
May to July.
Most specimens from the western limits of the range are of the race
dacotah, but I have typical mystic from Sioux City, Iowa. In this form
the under surface of the secondaries is fairly dark with a contrasting pale
band.
10a. race DACOTAH
Hesperia dacotah Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Ill, 277, 1871.
PampMla mystio, subsp. pallida Skinner, Ent. News xxn, 412, 1911.
Colorado, June; eastward into Iowa. South Dakota.
The under surface of the secondaries is yellow, scarcely darker than the
pale transverse band in extreme specimens.
ab. WEETAMOO
Thymelicus mystic weetamoo Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1707, 1889.
A dark brown melanic aberration occurring in the female sex. Ordinary
maculation much reduced, of separate spots.
ab. NUBS
Thymelicus mystic nubs Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1707, 1889.
Also a female aberration; dark areas suffused with tawny scales.
11. POLITES BRETTUS
Hesperia brettus Boisd. & Lee, Lep. Am. Sept. pi. 75, ff. 3-5, 1833.
Hesperia wingina Scud., Proc. Ess. Inst, in, 173, 1863.
Hesperia unna Plotz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xliv, 204, 1883.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1701, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 351, pi. xlvii, f. 41, 1898.
Gibson, Ont. Nat. Sci. Bull. No. 6, 42, 1910.
Florida, north to Virginia, west to Texas; April, July, August and Octo-
ber. Gibson lists one specimen from Toronto, Canada, determined by Dr.
Skinner.
11a. race BBETTOIDES
PampMla brettoides Edw., Papilio in, 71, 1883.
Western Texas and Arizona.
Brettoides has very narrow dark outer margins on the upper surface in
the male, with no more than a trace of the patch at the end of the stigma;
the under surface is likewise broadly tawny yellow. I do not know the
female.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 83
12. P0LITE8 STIGMA
Pamphila stigma Skinner, Can. Ent. xxviii, 188, 1896.
Skinner, Ent. News xi, pi. n, f. 15, 16, 1900 (15 Co-type).
Kellogg, Am. Ins. pi. ix, ff. 15, 16, 1904 (15 Cotype).
Texas, New Mexico.
I have seen the type of stigma in the Strecker collection, and it is sim-
ilar to brettus but dark, heavily marked above, and has a very large stigma.
Fib ex is intermediate between it and brettus but at present I am not pre-
pared to agree with Dyar's suggestion that they are all the same species
(Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soe. xin, 128, 1905). Godman and Salvin make stigma
synonymous with vibex (Biol. Cent.-Am., Ehop. n, 480, 1900).
13. POLITE8 CHUSKA
Hesperia chuslca Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. IV, 346, 1873.
I know nothing of this species. It is placed between sabuleti and draco
in Barnes and McDunnough 's Check List, but this was done merely with
a knowledge of the description. The type locality is Arizona.
Genus CATIA Godman & Salvin
Catia G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. h, 481, 1900. Type Hes-
peria druryi Latreille.
Catia is structurally similar to Polites
but differs in the long slender apiculus
of the antennae, which always exceeds
the diameter of the club, and in the form
of the male stigma. The stigma is com-
posed of a velvety black patch below the
end of the cell and a similar patch above
the inner third of the anal vein, with F i g . 26. cat™ otho a. & s. a.
large, silky, gray scales between. In the Club of ant€nnae ' b ' Neuraticn
bleached wing it appears as two similar oval spots, one on each
side of vein 1. Fig. 26.
In describing Catia Godman and Salvin say of the peculiar
structure of the stigma that it ' ' is so remarkable that we think
it of sufficient importance to put the species possessing this char-
acter into a separate genus." Otho is closely related to the
species now included in Polites and was formerly associated with
some of them in Thymelicus, but the form of the apiculus sep-
arates them, and no fundamental or superficial similarity can
be traced in the stigmata.
84 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
1. CAT I A OTHO
Papilio otho A. & S., Lep. Ins. Ga. i, 31, pi. 16, 1797.
Hesperia drury Latr., Enc. Meth. ix, 767, 1823.
Thymelicus pustula Geyer, Zutr. exot. Schmett. iv, ff. 625, 626, 1832.
Redone aetna Scud, (not Boisd.), Syst. Bev. 58, (79), 1872.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1696, 1889.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Bhop. II, 482, pi. 93, f. 18, $ gen., 1900.
Florida and Texas, May and June.
The southern specimens which I refer to otho tend to a reddish shade
on the under surface; on the upper surface of the secondaries there are
some discal spots, while the primaries have fulvous on the basal half of
the costa, a complete series of subapical spots, and sometimes other ful-
vous marks in addition to those found in egeremet.
la. race EGEREMET
Hesperia egeremet Scud., Proc. Ess. Inst, in, 174, 1863.
Pamphila ursa Worth., Can. Ent. xn, 49, 1880.
Hesperia cinna Plotz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xliv, 58, 1883.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1696, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 351, pi. xlvi, ff. 28, 29, 1898.
United States and southern Canada, west to the Eocky Mountains; July.
Texas in October.
Under surface pale fuscous, sometimes tinged with brown; secondaries
rarely with a trace of discal marks above, and pale spots of primaries lim-
ited to three or less beyond the stigma and one or two subapical points.
The females of otho and egeremet have the same pale marks as the males.
^gSSBfoi^ G enus POANES Scudder
Poanes Scudder, Syst. Rev., 55, (76), 1872.
^^^ Type Hesperia massasoit Scud.
^$$7^ Phycanassa Scud., op. cit. 56, (77). Type Hes-
peria viator Edw.
Paratrytone Dyar, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xiii, 136,
1905. Type Pamphila howardi Skinner.
Palpi oblique; second joint shaggy, third
small, not long though sometimes rendered
prominent by its vestiture. Antennae about
one-half as long as primaries; club large, api-
culus varying from rather slender and slightly
shorter than thickness of club to long, thick,
Fig. 27. Antennai tapering and not well reflexed. Primaries
vMor\ P ?Z e /asou, trigonate ; costa slightly convex; outer margin
c. hobomok^taxiies, lightly to prominently rounded ; apex rather
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 85
prominent. Secondaries broadly rounded, slightly lobed at anal
angle. Cell of primaries well over one-half as long as wing ; vein
5 moderately curved in basal half, arising nearer to 4 than to 6 ;
2 nearer to 3 than to base of wing. Cell of secondaries less than
one-half as long as wing. Mid tibiae with a few long spines.
Fig 27.
Hobomok, zabidon, taxiles, and melane were first placed in
Poanes by Barnes and McDunnough (Contributions in, 132,
1916). Although melane is rather anomalous, it apparently
belongs with the other species, whose relation to massasoit
through hobomok is obvious. Owing to the great range of varia-
tion thus introduced into the genus in the structure of the an-
tennae, palpi, and wings, I have added also viator, which differs
somewhat in wing form, and the species placed by recent writers
in Paratrytone. These last possess the stigma in the male but
it is so variable that I regard it as in the process of development.
In howardi, aaroni, and streckeri it is very slender, sometimes
scarcely visible but often well marked, and in yehl it is heavier
but very variable. In one of the types it is slender, while in the
other it is as heavy as in some specimens of conspicu-a. Includ-
ing all of these species Poanes becomes such a complex genus that
I have drawn up the following diagram to show the apparent
relations of the several groups:
howardi
\
aaroni
\
yehl streckeri
\ /
\ »/
\ /
massasoit
/ \
hobomok \
/ \
zabulon \
/ \
taxdes viator
/
melane
86 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Key to the species
1. Under surface of secondaries with bright yellow marks 2
No clear yellow on under surface 4
2. Yellow a broad transverse band crossed by a broad ray through cell . . 3
Yellow much more extensive sabulon
3. Wings broadly yellow-fulvous with narrow fuscous margins; yellow of
under surface rather dull taxiles
Wings less broadly fulvous and more or less fuscous within outer mar-
gin; yellow of under surface of secondaries very bright hobomok
Wings dark, with or without small pale spots massasoit
4. Upper surface of secondaries with pale markings indefinite, or faint;
sometimes immaculate 5
This surface with a bright yellow-fulvous patch 8
5. Pale spot in cell of primaries at least faintly indicated .... pocahontas
No trace of this spot 6
6. Wings immaculate above massasoit form suffusa
Wings with pale spots 7
7. Under surface with some bluish irroration sabulon 9
Without bluish irroration melane
8. Primaries with definite spots or a dark stigma 9
Spots diffuse, extended, or discal area broadly yellow -f ulvous ; male
stigma pale, slender 10
9. $ with stigma; 9 with three small, round, pale spots on under surface
of secondaries yehl
$ without stigma; 9 without such spots viator
10. Under surface of secondaries with a vague, pale dash through cell
howardi, aaroni
Under surface partly greenish-fuscous with contrasting pale veins
strecJceri
1. POANES VIATOR
Hesperia viator Edw., Proc. Ent. Soe, Phil, rv, 202, pi. i, f. 5, 1865.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1604, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 362, pi. xlvi, f. 15, 1898.
New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Southeastern Canada, Omaha, Neb.,
(Leussler) ; June to August.
2. POANES MASSASOIT
Hesperia massasoit Scud., Proc. Ess. Inst, in, 171, 1863.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1597, .1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 361, pi. xlvi, ff. 21, 22, 1898.
New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Iowa, July. Skinner (Cat. p. 80)
records it westward and southward to Texas and Colorado.
The male is either immaculate blackish brown above or with a few small
yellow-fulvous spots, while the female frequently has the spots of large size
an . a very pale shade.
IIESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 87
Form SUFFUSA
Pamphila massasoit, var. suffusa Laurent, Ent. News in, 15, 1892.
Skinner, Ent. News XI, pi. II, f. 22, 1900.
Kellogg, Am. Ins. pi. IX, f. 22, 1904.
New Jersey, New York; June and July.
The pale area of the under surface of the secondaries of this form is
heavily powdered with rusty brown scales.
3. POANES HOBOMOK
Hesperia hobomoJc Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 3rd ed., 313, f. 137, 1862.
Atrytone zabulon Scud., (not Bd. & Lee), Butt. New Eng. n, 1617, 1889.
Atrytone zabulon Holland (not Bd. & Lee), Butterfly Book 364, pi. xlvii,
ff. 37, 38, 1898.
West Virginia north into Canada and west into Nebraska; May and June.
$ form POCAHONTAS
Hesperia pocahontas Scud., Proc. Ess. Inst, ni, 171, 1863.
Hesperia quadaquina Scud., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xi, 381, 1868.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng., n, 1617, 1889.
Skinner, Ent. News XI, pi. II, ff. 3, 4, 1900 (not normal hobomok $).
Northeastern United States, Quebec; June.
Pocahontas differs from the normal female in the pale shade and greater
restriction of the spots on the upper surface, and the brown powdering of
the secondaries below.
4. POANES ZABULON
Hesperia zabulon Boisd. & Lee, Lep. Am. Sept. pi. 76, ff. 6, 7, 1833.
Hesperia zabulon, form pocahontas Holland (not Scudder), Butterfly Book
364, pi. xlvii, f. 39, 1898,
Illinois, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, North Carolina; May and August.
Holland's figure looks much more like the true female of zabulon than
like pocahontas, though it is impossible to identify a figure of the upper
surface accurately. The under surface of the secondaries of the male of
zabulon is bright yellow with a few marks of brown. In the female the
brown areas are more extensive and the entire wing is so heavily powdered
with rusty scales that it is difficult to trace the pale areas at all.
5. POANES TAX1LES
Pamphila taxiles Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, 5, 1881.
Holland, Butterfly Book 365, pi. xlvii, ff. 31, 32, 1898,
Colorado and Arizona, June and July. Nevada, N. M.
6. POANES MELANE
Hesperia melane Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. n, 312, 1869.
Biol. Cent. -Am., Rhop. n, 494, pi. 94, ff. 30-34, 1900.
Holland, Butterfly Book 365, pi. xlvi, ff. 7, 8, 1898.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 249, pi. xxxi, f. 453, 1905.
88 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
California, south into Mexico; May.
Melane and the female of taxiles are similar but they are not difficult to
separate; usually the locality from which the specimens come is sufficient.
7. POANES HOWARDI
Pamphila howardi Skinner, Can. Ent. xxviii, 187, 1896.
Phycanassa viator Holland, (not Edwards), Butterfly Book pi. xlvi, f. 14,
1898. Op. cit. pi. xlvi, f. 38.
Florida.
The expanse of specimens which I have seen runs between thirty-two and
thirty-six millimeters. Aside from this and its darker color the species
does not differ superficially from aaroni.
8. POANES AARONI
Pamphila aaroni Skinner, Ent. News I, 6, 1890.
Holland, Butterfly Book 363, pi. xlvi, f. 37, 1898.
New Jersey, June and August. I have seen specimens only from Angle-
sea and Atlantic City.
Aaroni expands twenty-seven to thirty-three millimeters and is paler,
more yellowish, than howardi. Howardi may yet prove to be a southern
race of aaroni.
9. POANES YEHL
Pamphila yehl Skinner, Ent. News iv, 212, 1893.
Holland, Butterfly Book 359, pi. xlvi, f. 40, 1898.
Tennessee, Georgia, Mississippi; August and September.
Superficially this species looks more like a relative of A. conspicua but
the mid tibiae are spined. The white spots on the under surface of the
secondaries in the female are unique.
10. POANES RADIANS
Hesperia radians Lucas, Sagra's Hist. Cuba vu, 650, 1857.
Pamphila streckeri Skinner, Ent. News iv, 211, 1893.
Skinner, Ent. News xxviii, 82, 1917.
Florida.
The only specimen which I have seen is the type of streckeri and since
it lacks the middle legs it is impossible to place the species definitely.
Barnes and McDunnough place it in the genus Euphyes in the eheck list,
but without specimens at hand. Its superficial resemblance is rather with
aaroni.
Genus ATRYTONE Scudder
Atrytone Scud., Syst, Rev. 56, (77), 1872. Type Hesperia iowa
Scud.
Euphyes Scud., Syst. Rev. 59, (80), 1872. Type Hesperia meta-
comet Harris.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 89
Anatrytone Dyar, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xm, 140, 1905. Type
Hesperia delaware Edwards.
Palpi upturned; second joint closely appressed, smoothly and
deeply scaled; third moderate, oblique. Antennae about one-
half as long as primaries ; club long, moderately thick ; apiculus
about as long as thickness of club, sometimes a little shorter.
Costa of primaries flattened or very slightly convex; outer mar-
gin moderately and almost evenly rounded; apex usually prom-
inent. Secondaries rather small, rounded, slightly lobed at anal
angle; a little more apically elongate in the females. Cell of
primaries normal; discocellulars oblique, weak; vein 5 curved,
nearer to 4 than to 6 ; 2 about intermediate between 3 and base
of wing. Stigma present or absent, composed of two similar,
slender, elliptic pieces placed end to end on opposite sides of
vein 1. Mid tibiae without spines.
The long antennal club and spineless mid tibiae make this a
very distinct genus as used here, but no characters are available
for the separation of Atrytone and Euphyes of other writers
except the male stigma, which is present only in the species
formerly placed in Euphyes. The types of the two do not re-
semble each other, but in the species congeneric with them we
find an excellent connecting series, in which arpa and byssus
differ very slightly except in the stigma.
Key to the species
1. Under surface of secondaries immaculate or with a faint, pale, trans-
verse band on disk 2
Under surface of secondaries with two pale rays dion
Under surface with a few diffuse spots forming a curved transverse
row conspiciM
2. Fringe of inner margin of secondaries white bimaoula
Fringe of this margin not white 3
3. Wings immaculate fuscous above and below or with a few small pale
spots on primaries ($) vestris
Wings with more pale markings 4
4. Wings mostly dark brownish-gray below palatla
Wings tinged with yellow or red below 5
5. Stigma present arpa $
Stigma absent 6
6. Upper surface of secondaries fuscous 7
Secondaries with fulvous discal marks 8
90 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
7. Primaries with a transverse row of fulvous spots arpa 9
With diffuse pale fulvous areas arogos $
8. Veins black 9
Veins not black arogos
9. Wings usually broadly yellow-fulvous with a terminal fuscous band
above; immaculate yellow or brownish yellow below logan
Wings with the fulvous definitely limited; under surface of second-
aries in most specimens with a faint pale transverse band, never clear
yellow byssus
1. ATRYTONE AROGOS
Papilio vitellius A. & S., (not Fab.), Lep. Ins. Ga. 1, 33, pi. xvii, 1797.
Hesperia arogos Boisd. & Lee, Lep. Am. Sept. pi. 76, ff. 3, 4, 5, 1833.
Hesperia iowa Scud., Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xi, 401, 1868.
Hesperia mutius Plotz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xliv, 199, 1883.
Atrytone vitellius Holland (not Fab.), Butterfly Book 364, pi. xlvi, f.
6, 1898.
Florida, August and September. Nebraska and Iowa, June and July.
Ocean County, N. J., July (Davis).
The pale tawny wings with their broad, even, fuscous borders distinguish
the male; the female is readily associated with the male, but the fuscous
is more extensive, encroaching upon the discal area and often almost oblit-
erating the tawny color.
2. ATRYTONE LOGAN..
Hesperia logan Edw., Proe. Ent. Soc. Phil. 11, 18, pi. 1, f. 5, 1863.
Hesperia delaware Edw., op. cit. p. 19, pi. 5, f. 2.
Seudder, Butt. New Eng. 11, 1614, 1889.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. 11, 490, pi. 94, ff. 4-6, 1900.
Holland, Butterfly Book 365, pi. xlvi, f. 24, 25, 1898.
Florida to Texas, north to Montana and Illinois; July and August.
2a. race LAGUS
Pamphila lagus Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ix, 5, 1881.
I regard this as scarcely worth separating from logan. It is the western
race, and in extreme forms has the fuscous terminal borders reduced to
very slender lines and the under surface very pale.
3. ATRYTONE BYSSUS
? Hesperia bulenta Bd. & Lee, Lep. Am. Sept. pi. 67, ff. 1-5, 1833.
Pamphila byssus Edw., Can. Ent. xn, 224, 1880.
Holland, Butterfly Book 358, pi. xlvi, f. 20, 1898.
Florida, August. Skinner includes Texas (Cat. p. 89).
Dr. McDunnough places bulenta tentatively as a synonym of byssus.
The figure is a striking thing, unlike any known species of North America,
but it does bear a remote resemblance to this species.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 91
4. ATRYTONE ARPA
Hesperia arpa Boisd. & Lee, Lep. Am. Sept. pi. 68, 1833.
Florida, June, September and October.
The stigma is present in the males of this and all of the following
species, which make up the former genus Euphyes.
5. ATRYTONE PALATKA
Hesperia palatka Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. I, 287, 1867.
Hesperia floridensis Plotz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xliv, 196, 1883.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. in, 1863, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 358, pi. xlvi, f. 21, 1898.
Florida, May, August to October. Skinner gives its range as "Gulf
States, Neb." (Cat. p. 89).
In the original description the name of this species was spelled pilatka
but this was amended by Edwards himself in his later writings. It is the
largest species of the genus.
6. ATRYTONE DION
Pamphila dion Edw., Can. Ent. xr, 238, 1879.
New York, Ohio, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois and Omaha, Neb. (Leuss-
ler) ; June and July. St. Louis, Mo. (Knetzger).
The pale dashes on the under surface of the secondaries are unique in
this genus.
7. ATRYTONE CONSPICUA
Hesperia conspicua Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, n, 17, pi. 5, f. 5, 1863.
$ Hesperia pontine Edw., op. cit. 17, pi. xi, f. 5.
Hedone orono Scud., Syst. Rev. 58, (79) 1872.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1732, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 358, pi. xlvi, ff. 16, 17, 1898.
New Jersey north to Massachusetts and west into Nebraska; July.
8. ATRYTONE BIMACULA
Hesperia bimacula G. & R., Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vm, 433, 1867.
Hesperia acanootus Scud., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xi, 381, 1868.
Hesperia illiiwis Dodge, Can. Ent. rv, 217, 1872.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. II, 1718, 1889.
Ontario, New Jersey, New York, Iowa; July. Skinner lists Nebraska
(Cat. p. 88). I have taken one specimen at Sioux City, Iowa.
The under surface of the secondaries is usually pale with the veins
marked in white. The upper surface has a little yellow-fulvous on each
side of the stigma in the male, and only two or three small extradiscal
spots in the female which are of a very pale color.
9. ATRYTONE VESTRIS
Hesperia vestris Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2), x, 317, 1852.
Hesperia metacomet Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 3rd ed., 317, 1862.
92
IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Pamphila rurea Edw., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862, 58.
Eesperia Jciowah Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. \n, 150, 1866.
Hesperia osylca Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. I, 288, 1867.
Pamphila osceola Lint., 30th Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. Hist. 170, 1878.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1739 and in, 1865, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 360, pi. xlvt, f. 31, 1898.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 247, pi. xxxi, f. 442, 1905.
Oberthiir, Etudes ix, (1), pi. ccxl, f. 2093, 1913 (type).
United States and Southern Canada; May to July.
$ form IHMACULATUS
Pamphila vestris, var. immaculatus Williams, Ent. News xxv, 267, 1914.
Described from the Jemez Mts., New Mexico. I have seen it from the
White Mts., Arizona, but not from more northern localities. As the name
implies, it lacks the whitish spots usually found on the primaries of the
female.
Genus ATRYTONOPSIS Godman & Salvin
Atrytonopsis G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 497, 1900. Type
Hesperia deva Edw.
Palpi upturned ;
third joint moderate,
oblique, not concealed
in vestiture of second.
Antennae slightly less
than one-half as long
as primaries ; club
moderate, longer in
female than male ;
apiculus shorter than
thickness of club in
male, equal to it or
longer in female. Pri-
maries of male apic-
ally produced; costa
nearly straight; outer margin slightly rounded; apex rounded-
acute. Secondaries rounded; outer margin flattened at end of
cell; anal angle slightly lobed; length from humeral angle to
anal angle greater than through cell in male and less in female.
Cell of primaries three-fifths as long as wing; vein 5 curved at
base, nearer to vein 4 than to 6; L. D. C. almost transverse;
M. D. C. scarcely visible, very oblique; vein 2 almost inter-
SS^
Pig. 28. Antenna] clubs: a. Atrytonopsis deva Edw.,
b. A pittacus Edw., c. A. edicardsi B. & McL)., f.
Oligoria maculata Edw. h. Lerodea eufala Edw., Pal-
pi, d. A. deva Edw., g. Mastor bellus Edw., i. Le-
rodea eufala Edw., e. Detail of neuration : end of cell
of primaries, Lerema accius S. & A.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 93
mediate between 3 and base of cell. Stigma rudimentary, con-
sisting of a few modified scales faintly indicating the position
of the structure ; well developed in a few species, where it is sim-
ilar to that of Atrytone but more slender. Mid tibiae spiny.
Fig. 28.
The absence of yellow-fulvous, frequent occurrence of gray
scales on the under surface of the wings, and the acute apices of
the primaries in the males of most of the species give this genus
a very distinctive habitus.
Key to the species
1. Fringes not checkered 2
Fringes checkered 7
2. Under surface of secondaries with a transverse row and three subasal
white spots ; not heavily gray -powdered loammi
Spots partly obsolete or hyaline 3
3. Secondaries with hyaline spots pittacus
Secondaries without hyaline spots 4
4. Fringes of secondaries white or whitish 5
Fringes concolorous with wings or slightly paler 6
5. Fringes dirty white, usually dark at anal angle lunus
Fringes pure white, rarely intermixed with dark scales, usually not
very dark at anal angle de '"
6. Wings very dark Manna
Wings pale vierecki
7. Under surface marbled with purplish; spots semi-hyaline cestus
Under surface heavily gray powdered 8
8. Spots yellowish, opaque or nearly so pytlwn
Spots white, subhyaline edwardsi
1. ATRYTONOPSIS LOAMMI
Lerema loammi Whitney, Can. Ent. vm, 76, 1876.
Pamphila regulus Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. ix, 5, 1881.
Skinner, Ent. News XI, pi. II, f. 24, 1900.
Kellogg, Am. Ins. pi. ix, f. 24, 1904.
Florida, March and October. North Carolina, July.
The dark brown ground color and the pure white, opaque spots on the
under surface of the secondaries separate loammi readily from the rest
of the genus.
2. ATRYTONOPSIS HI ANN A
Eesperia hianna Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xi, 382, 1868.
Hesperia grotei Plotz, Stett, ent. Zeit. xliv, 54, 1883.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1771, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book, 366, pi. xlvi, ff. 9, 10, 1898.
Northeastern United States westward into Nebraska, Manitoba; June.
94 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
3. ATRYTONOPSIS LUNUS
Pamphila lunus Edwards, Papilio IV, 56, 1884,
Arizona, June to August.
Similar to deva but larger and darker, and with the white areas not so
pure as in deva.
4. ATRYTONOPSIS DEVA
Hesperia deva Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. v, 292, 1876.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 498, pi. 95, ff. 6-10, 1900.
Arizona and Utah. Skinner lists southern Colorado (Cat. p. 87).
5. ATRYTONOPSIS VIERECKI
Pamphila vierecki Skinner, Ent. News xin, 213, 1902.
Ft. Wingate, New Mexico, June ; two males, one compared with the
type, in the Barnes collection are all that I have seen.
Vierecki is similar to deva but smaller, paler and more grayish, with
two spots in the end of the cell of the primaries, sometimes connected, and
a well marked stigma in the male.
6. ATRYTONOPSIS PITTACUS
Pamphila pittacus Edw., Papilio II, 138, 1882.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 498, pi. 95, ff. 11-13, and 14, 15 (not python
Edw.), 1900.
Skinner, Ent. News xi, pi. n, ff. 17, 18, 1900.
Kellogg, Am. Ins. pi. ix, ff. 17, 18, 1904.
Arizona, July.
The straight row of hyaline spots on the secondaries characterizes pitta-
cus among our species.
7. ATRYTONOPSIS PYTHON (Plate I, Fig. 1)
Pamphila python Edw., Papilio II, 139, 1882.
Arizona, May and June.
Python is the only one of our species in which the spots are distinctly
yellowish.
7a. race MARGARITA
Pamphila margarita Skinner, Can. Ent. xlv, 426, 1913.
Described from Jemez Springs, New Mexico.
I am not familiar with this form.
8. ATRYTONOPSIS CESTUS
Pamphila cestus Edw., Papilio iv, 57, 1884.
Southern Arizona. I am not familiar with this species.
9. ATRYTONOPSIS EDWARD SI
Atrytonopsis edwardsi B. & McD., Contributions in, (2), 135, pi. vm, ff.
9, 10, 1916.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 95
Pamphila cestus Wright, (not Edw.), Butt. W. Coast 249, pi. xxxn, f.
482, 1905.
Arizona.
This species was described to correct a common misconception of cestus
and the types are undoubtedly distinct from the species on which the de-
scription of cestus was based. I believe that the name will fall before
Hesperia ovinia Hew., illustrated in the Biologia (PI. 97, ff. 1, 2, 1900) un-
der the name Thespieus ovinia. The type of ovi7iia in the British Museum
will have to be examined to settle the matter definitely, but even from the
figures it is easy to see that the species can hardly belong in Thespiew.
Genus OLIGORIA Scudder
Oligoria Scud., Syst. Rev. 61, (82), 1872. Type Hesperia ma-
culata Edw.
Structure not much different from Atrytonopsis. Male pri-
maries less apically prolonged and without stigma. Vein 5 near-
er to 4 than in the preceding genus. Middle tibiae with a few
long spines. Apiculus of antennae abruptly constricted, sharp-
ly reflexed, very slender and usually about twice as long as
thickness of club.
Dyar remarks (Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xm, 137, 1905) that he
is unable to separate this genus from Lerodea and therefore
places maculata in the latter. He is followed in this by Barnes
and McDunnough in the Check List, but the differences between
maculata and eufala are so striking that they must be separated.
Since maculata agrees with no other genus known to me, I retain
Oligoria for the one species. Fig. 28.
1. OLIGORIA MACULATA
Eesperia maculata Edw., Proc Ent. Soc. Phil, iv, 202, pi. i, f. 6, 1865.
Hesperia norus Plbtz, Stett. ent. Zeit. xliv, 36, 1883.
Scudder, Butt, New Eng. n, 1761, 1883.
Holland, Butterfly Book 361, pi. xlvi, f. 35, 1898.
Florida, May to July. Skinner gives its range as the Gulf States and
occasionally New York. (Cat. p. 87).
Genus LEREMA Scudder
Lerema Scud., Syst. Rev. 61, (82), 1872. Type Papilio accius
A. & S.
Palpi oblique ; third joint moderate, partly concealed by ves-
titure of second. Antennae about one-half as long as primaries ;
club moderate ; apiculus slender, longer than thickness of club.
96 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Primaries rather long; costa flattened in middle; outer margin
curved, flattened before anal angle; apex rounded-rectangular.
Secondaries lobed slightly at anal angle, otherwise rounded. Cell
of primaries over three-fifths as long as wing ; discocellulars weak,
slightly oblique ; vein 5 arising a little nearer to 4 than to 6, al-
most straight. Male with a slender, well developed stigma run-
ning from the base of vein 3 to just within the middle of vein 1.
Middle tibiae with a few long spines. Fig. 28.
1. LEREMA AC CIVS
Papilio accms A. & S., Lep. Ins. Ga. i, 45, pi. 23, 1797.
Hesperia monoco Scud., Proc. Ess. Inst, in, 178, 1863.
Hesperia punctella G. & R., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. I, 1, 1867.
Hesperia nortonii Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. i, 287, 1867.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1768, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 366, pi. xlviii, f. 8, 1898.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 554, pi. 99, f. 44, 1900.
Southern half of United States east of Rockies; May, July, August, Octo-
ber, November. Skinner (Cat. p. 87) mentions a record by Aaron from
Eastern Pennsylvania.
Genus EPIPHYES Dyar
Epiphyes Dyar, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xm, 132, 1905. Type
Pamphila Carolina Skinner.
I have seen but one poor specimen of the female of Carolina.
From it nothing can be told except that vein 5 is but slightly
curved and not much nearer to 4 than to 6. It therefore belongs
with Lerema and allied genera, and according to Dyar's descrip-
tion of the male stigma it should constitute a good genus. The
original description of Epiphyes is as follows: "Antennal club
cylindrical, the point rather obtuse and about equal to the diam-
eter of the club. Palpi with the third joint moderate, rather
slender ; wings normal, vein 2 arising at the middle of the cell,
3 before the end. Mid tibiae spiny. Male stigma a large, ill
defined blotch. Type Pamphila Carolina Skinner."
1. EPIPHYES CAROLINA
Pamphila Carolina Skinner, Ent. News in, 222, 1892.
Holland, Butterfly Book 367, pi. xlvi, f. 36, 1898 (type).
North Carolina.
The species is easily recognized by the well defined, pale yellow macula-
tion and the form of vein 5 of the primaries.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 97
Genus MASTOR Godman & Salvin
Mastor G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 567, 1900. Type Mas-
tor anubis G. & S.
? Megistias G. & S., op. cit. 571. Type Hesperia tripunctata
Latr.
Palpi upturned; third joint small. Antennae slightly more
than one-half as long as primaries in male, less in female ; apieu-
lus shorter than thickness of club and variously reflexed; club
short, rather stout. Costa of primaries flattened; outer margin
slightly rounded ; apex somewhat produced. Secondaries broad-
ly rounded, relatively small ; in the female the primaries are less
produced and the apex of the secondaries more prominent than
in the male, much as in Atrytone. The male possesses a small
stigma made up of a dot of scales below vein 2 and a longer)
patch above, variably developed in different specimens. It is
much larger in bellus than in phylace, very small in oslari and
absent in fusca. Cell of primaries normal ; vein 5 slightly
curved, arising a little nearer to 4 than to 6. Mid tibiae with a
few spines. Fig. 28.
I believe that oslari is more closely related to A. nanno than
to bellus, and am placing fusca in this genus rather doubtfully.
Unfortunately I have not had sufficient material for dissection
in this group and have therefore been unable to make a careful
study of the anatomy of the doubtful species. I am unable to
find a good basis of separation for fusca, which Godman and
Salvin say belongs in Megistias, but I am not familiar with
tripunctata so Megistias may not fall before Mastor.
Key to the species
1. Vestiture of head and fringes golden bellus
Head golden ; fringes whitish phylace
Without golden vestiture 2
2. Under surface powdery gray oslari
More or less yellowish below, never powdery gray fusca
1. MASTOR FUSCA
Hesperia fusca G. & E., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. I, 2, 1867.
Southern United States, New Jersey, Pennsylvania; April to July. St.
Louis, Mo., (Knetzger).
Fusca is usually immaculate grayish fuscous above and slightly tinged
with yellowish below, especially on the veins of the secondaries. Occasion-
98
IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
al specimens show a faint trace of spots on the upper surface of the pri-
maries, and frequently the ground color is darker.
2. MASTOR BELLUS
Pamphila oellus Edw., Papilio iv, 57, 1884.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. II, 568, pi. 100, f. 36, $ gen., 1900.
Skinner, Ent. News xi, pi. II, ff. 11, 12, 1900.
Kellogg, Am. Ins. pi. ix, ff. 11, 12, 1904.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 247, pi. xxxi, f. 443, 1905.
Arizona, May to July.
3. MASTOR PHYLACE
Pamphila phylace Edw., Field and Forest in, 117, 1878.
Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico; June.
4. MASTOR OSLARI
Pamphila oslari Skinner, Ent. News x, 112, 1899.
New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado; April, June to August.
Oslari is usually pale fuscous above, but occasionally a series will show
some yellow fulvous scales on the disk of the primaries and a faint trace
of indefinite spots such as are always present in A\ nanno. Such speci-
mens may be separated from nanno by the gray under surface of the sec-
ondaries with vague pale spots instead of small sharp ones.
Genus AMBLYSCIRTES Scudder
Amblyscirtes Scud., Syst. Rev. 54, (75), 1872. Type Hesperia
vialis. Edw.
Stomyles Scud., op. cit. 55 (76). Type Pyrgus textor Hbn.
Palpi large, upturned; second
joint with shaggy vestiture ; third
slender, smooth, vertical; almost as
long as second except in nanno. An-
tennae moderate ; club large ; apicu-
lus longer than thickness of club.
Primaries in most species similar in
the two sexes, less apically produced
than in the related genera; costa
flattened ; apex rounded-rectangu-
lar; outer margin strongly rounded
except toward anal angle ; cell about
three-fifths as long as wing ; discocel-
iaiis Edw. a. lulars very weak and only slightly
Club of ante„na >ti b. Palpus, c. oWique . vein 5 wea kly Curved
IIESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 99
toward base, a little nearer to 4 than to 6 ; secondaries rounded,
in most of the species longer through the cell than in the related
genera. Male stigma small, sometimes scarcely visible, composed
of a short, oblique dash above the base of vein 2 and a smaller
longitudinal dash below it. Middle tibiae spiny. Fig. 29.
The checkered fringes of this genus are a convenient super-
ficial character, and indeed the only one by which naamo can
readily be placed. The other species are readily referred to the
genus by the long third joint of the palpi, taken with the api-
culus of the antennae. Whether nanno should be left in Ambly-
scirtes is a question which I have been unable to settle ; its sim-
ilar habitus would cause me to hesitate to remove it.
Key to the species
1. Vestiture of under surface of secondaries with no suggestion of green. 2
Under surface of secondaries more or less greenish 9
2. Spots on under surface of secondaries connected by pale lines on
veins textor
No such lines 3
3. Under surface of secondaries with diffused pale spots or immaculate. .4
With well defined pale spots 8
With a brown patch in the middle nysa
4. All maculation above yellow-fulvous cassiis
Subapical spots of primaries, at least, whitish 5
5. Secondaries without pale spots below vialis
With a transverse row of powdery pale spots 6
6. Maculation of upper surface tinged with yellow-fulvous aenus
No trace of yellow-fulvous 7
7. Irroration of under surface smooth, fine altemata
Irroration with a rough appearance celia
8. Under surface dark, irroration sparse; spots small and powdery but
sharply contrasting nanno, elissa
Under surface finely and smoothly grayish-irrorate; spots very sharply
defined, moderate comus
9. Under surface pale greenish-gray ; primaries with spots between veins
4 and 6 above ; southwestern species .nereus
Darker greenish -gray; very bright in fresh specimens; spots at end of
cell of primaries usually lacking ; eastern species hegon
1. AMBLYSCIRTES NANNO
Amblyscirtes nanno Edw., Papilio n, 142, 1882.
Biol. Cent. -Am., Ehop. n, 504, pi. 95, ff. 31-34, 1900.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast 250, pi. xxxi, f. 455, 1905.
Arizona, July.
100 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
The primaries of nanno are more apically produced and the secondaries
relatively smaller and more rounded than in the normal species of Ambly-
scirtes.
2. AMBLYSCIRTES ELISSA
Amblyscirtes elissa G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. II, 505, pi. 95, ff. 40,
41, 1900.
Skinner, Ent. News XV, 344, 1904.
I have not seen this species. Apparently it is very similar to nanno.
Skinner reports it from Cochise County, Arizona.
3. AMBLYSCIRTES AENUS
Amblyscirtes aenus Edw., Field and Forest in, 118, 1878.
Holland, Butterfly Book 341, pi. xlvii, f. 7, 1898.
Colorado, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico; May to July.
4. AMBLYSCIRTES CASSUS
Amblyscirtes cassus Edw., Papilio in, 72, 1883.
Amblyscirtes simius Wright, (not Edw.), Butt. W. Coast pi. XXXI, f. 454,
1905.
Arizona; June, July and September.
The under surface of the secondaries of cassus is heavily irrorate with
pale gray scales which give these wings a roughened appearance. The
spots are large and distinct but vaguely defined.
5. AMBLYSCIRTES CELIA
Amblyscirtes celia Skinner, Ent. News vi, 113, 1895.
Texas, March, April and July.
There is a specimen in the Barnes collection which has been compared
with the type, and from which I have noted that the under surface of the
secondaries is finely but rather sparsely and roughly powdered with gray;
6pots small but not clear-cut.
6. AMBLYSCIRTES VIALIS
Eesperia vialis Edw., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862, 58, 1862.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1582, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 340, pi. xlvii, f. 5, 1898.
United States and Southern Canada; May, June, July, August.
7. AMBLYSCIRTES HEGON
Hesperia hegon Scud., Proc. Ess. Inst. Ill, 176, 1863.
Hesperia samoset Scud., op. cit. 176.
Hesperia nemoris Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc Phil, n, 507, 1864.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1589, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 340, pi. xlvii, f. 6, 1898.
Georgia north into Canada and west to central Iowa; May and June;
August in the north.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 101
Hegon is more commonly known as samoset. It is similar to nereus but
the transverse row of spots on the primaries is usually less complete and
fresh specimens are much more greenish below. The distribution is suffi-
cient to separate specimens which bear locality labels.
8. AMBLYSCIRTES NEREUS
Hesperia nereus Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. v, 207, 1876.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Ehop. II, 502, pi. 95, ff. 27-30, 1900.
Arizona, June to August.
9. AMBLYSCIRTES ALTERNATA
Hesperia altemata G. & R., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. i, 3, 1867.
Hesperia eos Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. in, 276, 1871.
Amblyscirtes meridionalis Dyar, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xni, 135, 1905.
Georgia; Skinner lists cos from Texas, Georgia and Florida.
A specimen which Dr. McDunnough placed as altemata in the Barnes
collection proved to be the same as Dyar's types of meridionalis in the
Strecker collection, and the descriptions of all of the species lead me to
believe that they are synonyms. The primaries are apically produced, so
that the outer margin is longer than in vialis, and the fringes are an un-
usually pure white, as in nysa. The under surface has a transverse row of
faint, powdery spots on the secondaries and is otherwise similar to vialis.
10. AMBLYSCIRTES NYSA
Amblyscirtes nysa Edw., Can. Ent. ix, 191, 1877.
Pamplitta similis Strecker, Lep. Rhop. & Het. 131, 1878.
Texas and Arizona, March to June.
The under surface of the secondaries is distinctive and the fringes are a
clearer white than in any other species than altemata. The upper surface
of nysa is very similar to that of altemata in all particulars.
11. AMBLYSCIRTES COMUS
Hesperia comus Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. v, 206, 1876.
Amblyscirtes nilus Edw., Field and Forest III, 118, 1878.
Pamphila quinquemacula Skinner, Ent. News xxn, 413, 1911.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. II, 502, pi. 95, ff. 25, 26, 1900.
Texas and Arizona, August.
From a specimen in the Barnes collection compared with Edward's mate-
rial I have noted that the under surface is finely and smoothly grayish
irrorate and the spots small, white, sharply denned and not crowded to-
gether.
12. AMBLYSCIRTES TEXTOR
Pyrgus textor, Hiibner, Zutr. exot. Schmett. pi. 89, ff. 515, 516, 1825.
Hesperia oneko Scud., Proc. Ess. Inst, in, 176, 1863.
Hesperia wakulla Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. II, 311, 1869.
Holland, Butterfly Book 341, pi. xlvii, f. 16, 1898.
102 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
North Carolina and Kentucky to Texas; August.
The under side of the secondaries is very strikingly different from any
other species, but I see no structural basis for Stomyles, of which textor
is the type.
Genus LERODEA Scudder
Lerodea Scud., Syst. Rev. 59, 1872. Type Hesperia eufala Edw.
Palpi upturned, very smoothly sealed ; third joint about half
as long as second but buried in vestiture of second almost to its
tip. Antennae much less than one half as long as primaries;
apiculus slender, shorter than thickness of club. Primaries api-
cally produced; costa slightly emarginate or straight except at
apex and humeral angle; outer margin slightly sinuate, convex
from apex to vein 2. Secondaries rounded, lobed at anal angle.
Both primaries and secondaries longer and more rounded in the
female than in the male. Cell of primaries about three-fifths
as long as wing; discocellulars weak, scarcely oblique; vein 5
almost straight, about two-thirds as far from 4 as from 6 ; 2 much
nearer to 3 than to base of wing in both sexes. Male without
stigma. Mid tibiae spined. Fig. 28.
1. LERODEA ARABUS
Pamphila ambus Edw., Papilio n, 26, 1882.
Arizona, April.
Differs from eufala in the presence of a dark brown discal shade on the
under surface of the secondaries.
2. LERODEA EUFALA
Hesperia eufala Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. n, 311, 1869.
Pamphila ftoridae Mab, Bull. Soc. Ent. France (5), vi, p. ix, 1876.
Holland, Butterfly Book 356, pi. xlvi, f. 33, 1898.
Biol. Cent. -Am., Rhop. II, 500, pi. 95, ff. 16-18, 1900.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast pi. xxxi, f. 445a, b, 1905 (as nereus).
Florida, Texas, Arizona; April to July, October and November.
GROUP D
Key to the genera
1. Middle tibiae without spines .Prenes
Middle tibiae spined 2
2. Male with stigma ; under surface of secondaries mottled with
several shades Thespieus
Male without stigma ; under surface of secondaries uniform-
ly colored Calpodes
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA
103
Genus THESPIEUS Godman & Salvin
Thespieus G. & S., Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 519, 1900. Type
Hesperia dalmani Latr.
This genus is very close to Calpodes and the male genitalia of
the two illustrated by Godman and Salvin are similar, but I
have very little material of Thespieus and have not seen the
typical species, so I hesitate to sink it.
1. THESPIEUS MACAREUS
Goniloba macareus H.-S., Corr. Blatt Eegensb. xxm, 192, 1869.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Ehop. n, 520, pi. 96, ff. 41-43, 1900.
Skinner, Ent. News xm, 183, 1902.
Macareus has been recorded from the southwestern part of our country
and Marco Id., Fla. ; I have not seen the species.
Genus CALPODES Hiibner
Calpodes Hbn., Verz. bek. Schmett.
107, 1820. Type Papilio eth-
lius Cr.
Palpi upturned, closely ap-
pressed; third joint small, almost
entirely concealed. The palpi re-
semble those of most species of
Group A of the Hesperiinae. An-
tennae less than one-half as long as
primaries ; club stout, apiculus ex-
ceeding thickness of club, sharply
reflexed. Primaries with the apex
produced and subtruncate, longer
in the female than in the male;
secondaries strongly lobed at the
anal angle, broader and more
rounded in the female than in the male. Neuration as in Prenes.
Mid tibiae with short prostrate spines on the inner surface.
Fig. 30.
1. CALPODES ETHLIUS
Papilio ethlius Cramer, Pap. Exot, iv, 212, pi. cccxcn, ff. A, B, 1782.
Hesperia cliemnis Fab., Ent. Syst. in, (i), 331, 1793.
Eudamus olynthus Bd. & Lee, Lep. Am. Sept. pi. 75, ff. 1, 2, 1833.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. n, 1750, 1889.
Holland, Butterfly Book 355, pi. xlv, f. 3, 1898.
Fig. 30. Prenes and Calpodes. a.
Club of antenna of P. ocola Edw.,
b. Neuration of ocola, c. Club of
antenna of C. ethlius Cramer
104 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Biol. Cent.-Am., Ehop. II, 507, pi. 95, ff. 45, 46, 1900.
Florida to Texas, June. Skinner lists it as occasional in New York,
(Cat. p. 88). St. Louis, Mo., (Knetzger).
Ethlius is readily distinguished by its large size, the long cell of the
primaries, the form of the palpi and the presence of hyaline spots on the
secondaries.
2. CALPODES COSCINIA
Goniloba coscinia H.-S., Corr.-Blatt Begensb. XIX, 54, 1865.
? Hesperia ares Feld., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien xn, 477, 1862.
Brownsville and San Antonio, Texas, May.
Barnes and McDunnough list ares as a doubtful synonym of coscinia
while Godman and Salvin in the Biologia make it a synonym without qual-
ification. If the two names refer to the same species, ares snould be used;
I know of nothing which will settle the matter at present. Coscinia differs
from ethlius and T. macareus in the absence of hyaline spots from the
secondaries.
Genus PRENES Scudder
Prenes Scud., Syst. Rev. 60, (81), 1872. Type Hesperia pano-
quin Scud.
Similar to Calpodes but with the wings more angular and the
mid tibiae without spines. Fig. 30.
Prenes is very close to the Old World genus Pamara and may
fall before it. Dr. W. T. M. Forbes tells me that he is unable to
separate the two, and from a superficial study of the genotypes
I have found nothing which will differentiate them. I prefer to
retain Prenes, however, until I can make dissections of the type
of Pamara for more accurate study.
Key to the species
1. Secondaries with a few pale spots below 2
Secondaries immaculate below or with pale dashes or very faint traces
of spots 4
2. Upper surface powdered with yellowish scales panoquinoides
Upper surface without yellowish scales 3
3. A pale spot in end of cell of primaries; spots on under surface
bluish riero
No spot in cell ; spots below not bluish errans
4. Two pale dashes on under surface of secondaries panoquin
Usually immaculate; never with dashes ocola
1. PRENES NERO
Hesperia nero Fab., Ent. Syst., Supp. 433, 1798.
Hesperia nyctelius Latr., Enc. Meth. ix, 746, 1823.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 105
Gonilooa corruptee H.-S., Corr.-Blatt Regensb. xix, 54, 1865.
Goniloba sylvicola H.-S., op. cit., p. 55.
Hesperia fusina Hew., Desc. Hesp. 30, 1868.
Hesperia fufidia Hew., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xix, 81, 1877.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Ehop. n, 509, pi. 96, ff. 4-7, 1900.
Florida.
Differs from ocola in the presence of a pale spot in the end of the cell
of the primaries and a transverse row of faint, bluish spots on the under
surface of the secondaries. The synonymy is that of Godman and Salvin.
2. PRENES PANOQUIN
Hesperia panoquin Scud., Proc. Ess. Inst, in, 178, 1863.
Hesperia ophis Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. in, 216, 1871.
Seudder, Butt. New Eng. in, 1867, 1889.
Skinner, Ent. News xi, pi. n, ff. 13, 14, 1900.
Kellogg, Am. Ins. pi. ix, ff. 13, 14, 1904.
Florida, New Jersey; April, May, August.
3. PRENES PANOQUINOIDES
Pamphila panoquinoides Skinner, Ent. News n, 175, 1891.
Skinner, Ent. News xi, pi. n, f. 26, 1900 (type).
Kellogg, Am. Ins. pi. ix, f. 26, 1904 (type).
Florida. This species is slightly powdered with yellowish scales above
but less heavily than panoquin, from which it differs also in the absence of
the large dashes of the under surface.
4. PRENES ERRANS
Pamphila errans Skinner, Ent. News in, 174, 1892.
Wright, Butt. W. Coast pi. xxxi, f. 445, 1905 (as nereus).
California, July and August.
Differs from ocola, which it closely resembles, in the presence of a trans-
verse row of pale spots on the under side of the secondaries, which are not
bluish as in nero.
5. PRENES OCOLA
Hesperia ocola Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, n, 20, pi. xi, f. 4, 1863.
Prenes hecebolus Scud., Syst. Eev. 60, (81), 1872.
Pamphila ortygia Moschl., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien xxxn, 328, 1882.
Seudder, Butt. New Eng. in, 1866, 1889.
Pamphila parilis Mab., Comp. Eend. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxv, clxxi, 1891.
Holland, Butterfly Book 355, pi. xlvi, f. 34, 1898.
Biol. Cent.-Am., Rhop. n, 511, pi. 96, ff. 13-15, 1900.
Kentucky, Florida, Mississippi and Texas; May, July to October. Skin-
ner (Cat. p. 88) adds Indiana and Eastern Pennsylvania.
Ocola is usually immaculate below but some specimens show a trace of
the spots which mark errans, though they are not, as a rule, sufficiently
well marked as to cause difficulty in separating the species. They never
106 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
have the marked blue shade found in nero. In the synonymy of ocola I
follow Godman and Salvin (Biol. 511), who say that they have seen the
types of all three synonyms and find them to ' ' show no tangible difference. ' '
DOUBTFUL SPECIES AND GENERA
Genus POTANTHUS Scudder
Potanthus Scud., Syst. Rev. 54, (75), 1872. Type Hesperia
omalia Edw.
1. POTANTHUS OMAHA . .
Hesperia omalia Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, n, 21, 1863.
Hesperia mingo Edw., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vi, 207, 1866.
Potanthus calif ornica Scud., Syst. Bev. 54, (75), 1872.
Scudder, Butt. New Eng. m, 1861, 1889.
Potanthus dara Dyar (Kollar?), Bull. 52, U. S. N. M., p. 48, 1902.
The early literature gives the range of this species as West Virginia,
Colorado and California. Edwards places the species next to palaemon in
his catalogue (Cat. Diurn. Lep. 48, 1877), and Dyar regards it as the
Oriental species, Padraona dara Kollar. It is very difficult to say what it
may be from the scanty evidence available.
2. ATRYTONE KUMSKAKA
Hesperia conspicua Scud, (not Edw.), Trans. Chi. Acad. Sci. I, 336, 1869.
Atrytone Jcumslcaka Scud., Can. Ent. XIX, 45, 1887.
According to the description this is a true Atrytone which Scudder has
mistaken for the female; of conspicua. Dr. McDunnough tells me that
Scudder 's figure of the male genitalia resembles those of byssus, but it
seems to me that the description itself suggests a dark female of hobomoTc.
The type locality is Dennison, Iowa, but I have never taken anything in
western Iowa which might be the species.
3. THANAOS RUTILIUS (nomen nudum)
Nisoniades rutilius Mead, U. S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th Merid. v, 787, 1875.
The reference reads as follows: "One individual, now in Mr. Scudder 's
hands for description, was taken June 23, at Turkey Creek Junction. ' ' The
specimen was probably placed by Scudder with another species.
Family MEGATHYMIDAE
Barnes and McDunnough, Contributions i, number m, 1912, Re-
vision of the Megathymidae.
Head small, much narrower than the thorax. Palpi rather
small, oblique. Antennae moderate; club large, stout and pyri-
form to more cylindrical with a rudimentary apiculus. Venation
much as in the Pamphilinae ; vein 3 of the primaries varying in
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 107
position between the sexes of several species. Larvae borers in
stems of plants. Fig. 31.
Barnes and McDunnough's revision of this family is so satis-
factory that I am going into very little detail in
treating it. I have worked out the following key
to the North American species of Megathymus Fig. 31. Megathy-
.,.,.„ ii .• i mvs streckeri Skin
from the material in the Barnes collection, and ner . ciub of an-
believe that it will suffice for the determination of
most of the material likely to fall into the hands of collectors ;
those who are deeply interested in the family will doubtless ob-
tain the few articles which are useful to students who make these
insects a hobby. Only one genus is represented in our fauna.
Genus MEGATHYMUS Scudder
Megathymus Scud., Syst. Rev. 62, (83), 1872. Type Eudamus
yuccae Boisd. & Lee.
Characters of the family.
Key to the species
1. Under surface with a large white patch contiguous to vein 8 of the
secondaries, or this spot the largest on the wing; no more than a trace
of extra-median pale spots on secondaries yuccae 2
Under surface of secondaries with a more or less complete transverse
row of pale spots and with larger spot on vein 8 outward 3
2. Size large, 55 to 75 mm. Spots of upper surface bright yellow. Under
surface of secondaries gray at margins yuccae
Size smaller, seldom over 55 mm. Spots pale yellow. Outer margin
of secondaries narrowly or not at all pale race coloradensis
Size similar to coloradensis. Spots yellowish to white. Secondaries
with a broad pale outer border race navajo
3. Size very large, 65 to 90 mm. Spots of primaries bright yellow. Sec-
ondaries without discal spots above and with at most a slender, linear
pale margin ursus
Size smaller, not over 70 mm. Secondaries with discal spots, a erenu-
late marginal band or with pale areas not bright yellow 4
4. Under surface of secondaries smooth, powdered with blue-gray scales
at outer margin cofaqui
Under surface of shaggy appearance, washed with gray scales and hairs
over entire surface, sometimes most evidently between transverse row
of spots and outer margin 5
5. Upper surface of primaries with a pale basal area contiguous to vein
1; spots yellow to yellowish-fulvous, or with a transverse sub-basal
row of spots on the under surface of the secondaries 6
This area seldom present, if so powdery and not contiguous to vein 1
108 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
and with maeulation not bright yellow. No transverse row of spots
near base of secondaries below 7
6. Expanse 40 to 50 mm. Larger specimens females with pale spots of
primaries broadly confluent and veins concolorous polingi
Expanse 50 to 70 mm., smaller specimens males with spots separated
by dark veins or by broader dark areas aryxna, neumoegeni
Expanse 50 mm. or slightly over. Spots small, rounded and whitish.
Southern California race stephensi
7. Spots yellowish white to pale yellow; at least one extra-discal spot on
under surface of secondaries and rarely some above streckeri
Spots deeper yellow; extra-discal spots obsolete, not more than one or
two fine points present, or with discal spots above race texana
Spots greatly reduced, yellowish; extra-discal band on under surface
of secondaries evenly curved but irregular. Spot in end of cell of
primaries linear, bent, in apical angle smithii
1. MEGATHYMUS YUCCAE
Eudamus yuccae Boisd. & Lee, Lep. Am. Sept. pi. 70, 1833.
Riley, 8th Rep. St. Ent. Mo., 169-182, 1876 (Biol.).
Florida, Georgia, South Carolina; April and May.
la. race COLOBADENSIS
M. yuccae, var. coloradensis Eiley, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis in, 567, 1877.
Colorado, April.
lb. race NAVAJO
M. yuccae, var. navajo Skinner, Ent. News xxn, 300, 1911.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 209, pi. x, 1911.
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, S. California; April to June.
2. MEGATHYMUS URSUS
Megathymus ursus Poling, Ent. News xin, 97, pi. 4, 1902.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 205, 1911.
Pima County, Arizona; August.
3. MEGATHYMUS COFAQUI
AegiaJe cofaqui Strecker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 148, 1876.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 203, 1911.
Georgia, Florida; March.
The male type is a form of streckeri to which Barnes and McDunnough
have given the name texana. The female type represents cofaqui. This
sex may be distinguished by the slightly emarginate outer margin of the
primaries and the resultant sharpness of the apex.
4. MEGATHYMUS STRECKERI
Aegiale streckeri Skinner, Can. Ent. xxvn, 179, 1895.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvti, 204, 1911.
HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 109
Southwestern Colorado, New Mexico, Cherry County, Nebraska (Leus-
sler) ; May and June.
race TEXAN A
M. streckeri, subsp. texana B. & McD., Contr. i, no. in, 39, pi. n, f. 9, 1912.
Southern Texas.
5. MEGATHYMUS SMITHI
Megathymus smithi Druce, Biol. Cent.-Am., Het. n, 320, pi. 69, f. 5, 1896.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 205, 1911.
I have seen one specimen from Corpus Christi, Texas, in the Barnes
Collection.
6. MEGATHYMUS NEUMOEGENI
Megathymus neumoegeni Edw., Papilio n, 27, 1882.
Megathymus aryxna Dyar, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xin, 141, 1905 (partim) ;
(fide B. & McD.).
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvir, 206, 1911.
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii, 207, 1911 (fide B. & McD.).
Arizona, September.
According to Barnes and McDunnough's revision the females can read-
ily be separated from aryxna. They say : "in every instance the $ could
be separated at once on wing pattern, the yellow band on primaries being
much broader and either touching or broadly coalescing with the costal
spot at end of cell. ' ' Of the male they say that neumoegeni is usually
a smaller and slighter species, and give the following points of difference:
"(1) in neumoegeni the spots are often small, well separated, irregu-
larly rounded; when forming a more or less coalescent band spot 2 from
anal angle is usually almost square and its inner margin is not prominent-
ly wedge-shaped as in aryxna.
"(2) The fulvous hairing at base of both wings is much more extended
in neumoegeni, covering on the secondaries most of the area between the
subterminal spots and the base of wing. The presence or size of yellow
spots in the basal area beneath the fulvous hairs we have found of no
specific value.
"(3) The underside of secondaries of neumoegeni is usually distinctly
paler in color, due to a greater sprinkling of white scales (compare Figs.
2 and 7). The whitish subterminal band is very variable in both species,
in both distinctness and extent, and of no value for purposes of separa-
tion. ' '
In spite of this great similarity of the two species, the form of the male
genitalia verifies their distinctness.
6a. race STEPHENSI
Megathymus neumoegeni Wright (not Edw.), Butt. W. Coast 255, pi. xxxn,
f. 483, 1905.
110 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Hegatliymus neumoegeni subsp. Stephens! Skinner, Ent. News xxm, 126,
1912.
Barnes & McDunnough, Contributions I, (5), 44, 1912.
Southern California, Texas.
7. MEGATHYMUS ARYXNA
Hegatliymus aryxna Dyar, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xm, 141, 1905.
Arizona; July, September and October.
8. MEGATHYMVS POL1NGI
Megatliymus polingi Skinner, Ent. News xvi, 232, 1905 ( 5 only, fide B. &
McD.).
Skinner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvn, 207, 1911.
Arizona, September.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Part one includes all separate works and articles bearing particularly on
the Hesperioidea. Part two contains a list of the periodicals consulted.
Keferences occurring in all of the works listed have been verified; others
are copied from the best available authorities.
PART I
Abbott & Smith, The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects
of Georgia, two volumes, London, 1797.
Banks,, N. and Caudell, A. N., The Entomological Code, Washington,
D.C., 1912.
Barnes, Wm. and McDtjnnough, J., Revision of the Megathymidae, De-
catur, 111., 1912.
Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, Decatur, 111., 1917.
Contributions to the Natural History of the Lepidoptera of North
America, I, 1911-12.
Boisdtjval, J. A., Icones Historique des Lepidopteres d 'Europe, Paris,
1832-43.
and LeConte, J. L., Histoire Generale et Iconographie des Lepidop-
teres et des Chenilles de L'Amerique Septentrionale, Paris, 1829-33.
Butler, A. G., Lepidoptera Exotica, London, 1869-74.
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera Described by Fabricius in the
Collection of the British Museum, London, 1869.
Comstock, J. H. and A. B., Manual for the Study of Insects, Ithaca, N.
Y., 1895.
Cramer, P., Papillons Exotiques des trois parties du Monde, l'Asie, l'Afri-
que at l'Amerique, Amsterdam, I, 1775 to IV, 1782, and supplement
by Stoll, 1787-1796.
Doubleday, E., Westwood, J. O. and Hewitson, W. C, The Genera of
Diurnal Lepidoptera, London, I, 1846; II, 1850.
Drury, D., Illustrations of Exotic Entomology, London, three vol., 1770-
1775.
Dyar, H. G., A List of the North American Lepidoptera and Key to the
Literature of this order of Insects, Bulletin 52, U. S. N. M., Wash-
ington, D.C., 1902.
A Review of the Hesperiidae of the United States, Jn. N. Y. Ent.
Soc. xin, 111-142, 1905.
Edwards, W. H., Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mex-
ico, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. vi, 1-68, 1877.
Elwes, H. J., and Edwards, James, A Revision of the Oriental Hesperiidae,
Trans. Zool. Soc. London xiv, pt. IV, number 1, 1897.
112 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
Fabricius, J. C, Systema Entomologiae, Flensburg and Leipzig, 1775.
— Mantissa Insectorum, Copenhagen, 1787.
Entomologia Systematica, Vol. in, Copenhagen, 1793.
Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae, Copenhagen, 1798.
Felber, C, and Rogenhofer, R., Reise der osterreichisehen Fregatte No-
vara um die Erde, Zoologischer Theil, II, Abth. 2, Vienna, 1864-67.
French, G. H., Butterflies of the Eastern United States, Philadelphia, 1886.
Gob-man, F. D. and Sajlvin, O., Biologia Centrali-Americana, Lepidoptera
Bhopaloeera, Vol. II, 1893-1901, and plates, Vol. Ill, London.
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HESPERIOIDEA OF AMERICA 113
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114 IOWA STUDIES IN NATURAL HISTORY
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