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Let Cypriots decide

their future—makarios
By FENNER BROCKWAY MP

No. 1,106 September 6, 1957

| iG

A science lecturer

A commission of enquiry sx countries concerned.

FROM A CORRESPONDENT
ON the night of June 11 this year Maurice Audin, a lecturer
in science at the University of Algiers, was awakened and
taken away by an army captain and six parachutists. They

had no warrant for his arrest.

interrogation.

He was being taken away for

He has not ‘been seen since,

‘The parachutists claim that M. Audin at some time escaped from
custody. Nearly three months have passed, however, since this Gestapo-

‘type visit to his house and nothing has been heard of him apart from
an account given by a fellow-prisoner that two days after the arrest of

M. Audin he had seen him in a very pitiful state: he could hardly stand,

his face was cruelly swollen, and his wrists were bleeding.

The captain who had been responsible for taking M. Audin into
custody had remarked that he might be released after a very short time

‘The. Third. Japanese:
» Conference :

: Discussion that:leads' nowhere !

DEG Oeoeesee ee

An editorial

if WE demand. universal disarma-

ment with controls accepted by
If agreement
on. universal, general disarmament is
not yet possible, we demand a partial
disarmament agreement.”

This passage, from the decisions reached,
“as a result of serious discussion,” by the
Conference held in Tokyo last month
Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs and
for Disarmament, points to the futility of
conferences where the delegates come
together holding no views in common other

than the now universal desire not to be
this

involved in. war, (See report on
page.)
The “serious discussions” in such a

conference are directed, not to the prac-
tical means of achieving the desired ends,
but to painstaking negotiations to arrive

at pronouncements from which all the
practical significance has been eliminated,
except that those present regard peace as

“Cif he is reasonable.” It must be stressed here that he was not under
‘arrest in order to be put on trial; only detained in order to assist the
military authorities in their investigations.

Athens, August 30
_ BRITAIN is attempting to present the Cyprus

question as one of Greek-Turkish differences,
allowing Britain to assume the position of arbitrator
in a matter on which she is really a
litigant,” Archbishop Makarios said at
a Press conference I attended today in
Athens,

““Any agreements on the future of
the island in the absence of the Cypriot
people cannot be binding on them, he
said.

“The ‘whole of the Cypriot people in-
cluding the Turkish minority and excluding
only the British occupation forces should
decide.” f

The minority should be guaranteed rights
by international safeguards.

On the subject of Cyprus as a base, the
Archbishop said the people should decide
after attaining democratic ‘self-government.

Personally he was opposed to a base, ||
especially for aggressive purposes, The

Archbishop evidently had in mind the

recent use of Cyprus by Britain’ for |

launching the attack on Egypt.

Archbishop Makarios leaves tomorrow
for the United Nations Assembly where the
Cyprus issue will be discussed for the fourth
time. i ae hd! ot

Eleven days after M, Audin’s arrest his wife received an official

intimation that he was being forcibly detained by the military authorities

at Bouzareah. Enquiries at Bouzareah
Camp disclosed that he had never been
heard of there.

ALLEGATIONS

Madame Audin has now for the second
time asked that the Commission for the
Safeguarding of Rights and Individual
Liberties shall enquire into the fate of her
husband. This Commission’ of twelve
members was set up by M. Mollet ‘in May
last’ in’ response to a growing disquiet in
public opinion as to the methods that were
being adopted by the police and military
authorities in Algeria. Some of the alle-
gations that had been made in this respect
had not been permitted to get by the grow-
ing censorship of the Press that has oper-
ated in France, .but- plenty had been pub-
blished for the Commission to investigate,
It was suggested on the setting up of the
Commission that it would be able to clear
the administration and prove that. these
stories were in general false. That was four
months ago,

No report has yet been received.

a good thing and war as a bad thing—
which can be taken for granted at the
Start.

The Conference is called a World Con-
ference. It cannot, however, really fulfil
the function of a world conference because
of its composition. There were 4,078
“ delegates ” present from» 26 countries;; of
these 97 came from 25 countries and 3,981
from Japan,

Real peace policy

What this Conference has done is to
demonstrate that the Japanese People feel
very intensely on the ‘subject of nuclear
weapons. They have registered this in the
34 million signatrtres on. a petition calling
for the banning of the H-bomb,. and in
three successive “Wold Conferences.”

We hope that this wii,' be the tast of these
Conferences,

They can provide a use Cul Opportunity
for a small number of peop,‘¢ of different
nations to meet each other. Bu't aS a con-
tribution to formulating a real pea‘¢e Policy
what they can provide has very litte rela-
tionship to the effort and expenditure they’
require,

We do not think Peace News

can be
accused “of §*4)' lank “ar —- -

i hh £2" eee ey

“The ‘whole of the Cypriot people in-
cluding the Turkish minority and excluding
only the British \occupation forces should
decide.” {

The minority should be guaranteed rights
by international safeguards.

On the subject of Cyprus as a base, the
Archbishop said the people should decide
after attaining democratic self-government.

Personally he was opposed to a base, |’
especially for aggressive purposes. The |
Archbishop evidently had in mind the |
Britain for |

recent use of Cyprus by

launching the attack on Egypt,

Archbishop Makarios leaves tomorrow
for the United Nations Assembly where the
Cyprus issue will be discussed for the fourth

time.
PRESS INVITED

The Greek Government has invited to
Athens foreign editors of leading news-
papers of Europe and America, They will
see trade fairs and military demonstrations
and for five days tour the Aegean Islands.

But the principle purpose of the visit is
to extend knowledge of the Greek attitude
on Cyprus before the discussion of the
issue by the UN Assembly.

Sandwiched among the long list of dis-
tinguished journalists are four names which
seem irrelevant, There is Peter Benensen,
member of Justice, British section of the
International Commission of Jurists, And
there are three British Labour MPs: Ken-
neth Robinson, Lena Jager and myself.

We have come to Athens because of
sympathy with the demand of Cyprus for
self-determination and desire to have
authentic information about new deyelop-
ments which give some hope of settle-

ment,
We shall not only attend Press con-
ferences, We shall have private talks,

Tonight, politicians and journalists attend
the Balkan games in the stadium, Athletics,
happily cross the Iron Curtain, Bulgaria,
Rumania and Yugoslavia are taking part
but, alas, there is now’a Cypriot curtain.
Turkey will not be represented,

Arrested in Amsterdam

Garry Davis, who calls himself the first
world citizen, has been arrested in Amster-
dam, for entering Holland illegally in
order to attend the World Federalists’
Conference after haying been refused a
visa.

Irish Pacifist Movement will hold a Public Meeting on
Saturday, September 7, 8 p.m., at 6 Eustace Street,
Dublin. Speaker : Professor Kathleen Lonsdale ‘‘ The
Political Responsibility of the Scientist °’,

Danilo Dolci — see page 2

A Breton nationalist

and the Algerian war

A YOUNG Breton nationalist, Hervé

Bougeant, is now being held in. the
military jail at Vernon, Eure, France, A
soldier in the French Army, just drafted for
Algeria, he has written to the President. of
the French Republic that ‘he refused to
go to war against Algerian patriots, who
are fighting for the freedom of their
country.”

In a recent letter to a Breton friend,
Hervé Bougeant writes ; ‘“ When I consider
our country (Brittany) and her language
slowly dying, killed by these people in Paris,
I feel I must say no! to them; never will
I do for them that horrible piece of work:
kill a nation.’

“TOKYO DECLARATION”

MPHE Third World . Conference

against Atomic. and Hydrogen
Bombs and for Disarmament, meeting
in Tokyo last month, issued a “ Tokyo
Declaration ” on nuclear weapons and
disarmament; an “appeal to the
United Nations and the Governments
of the World” and a list of recom-
mended common actions for prohibit-
ing nuclear bombs and securing dis-
armament,

The Tokyo Declaration issued after the
Conference stated:

“We regard jnuclear’ tests as a dangerous
expression of preparations for. nuclear war,
and hereby demand that Governments con-
cerned conclude an international agreement

[) |}ON BACK PAGE

SHPUSP ERS SERA CEIQUIre PTO Ue Late Or ner
husband. This Commission’ of twelve
members was set up by M. Mollet ‘in May
last in’ response to’ a growing disquiet in
public opinion as to the methods that were
being adopted by the police and military
authorities in Algeria. Some of the alle-
gations that had been made in this respect
had not been permitted to get by the grow-
ing censorship of the Press that has oper-
ated in France, .but- plenty had been pub-
blished for the Commission to. investigate,
{t was suggested on the setting up of the
Commission that it would be able to clear
the administration and prove that these
stories were in general false. That was four
months ago,
No report has yet been received.

INVESTIGATIONS

An International Commission set up by
the International Committee against Con-
centration Camps has not, however, found
the obstacles in the way of enquiry as has
apparently the official Commission. set up
by the Government, and on July 27 it
reported that it had found that outrages of
a kind that might lead tothe condition in
which M. Audin is reported to have been
seen had certainly occurred.

It would seem that other individual cases
besides that of M. Audin have been sub-
mitted to the Commission for investigation,
but so far there is apparently no trace of
any findings the Commission may have
reached. Madame Audin has now renewed
her complaint to this Commission, which is
reported to be holding a meeting (its first?)
this week,

Madame Audin remarks that the men
who took her husband away will know what
has become of him. “If we are not yet
living absolutely under a police State regime
I have a right to demand the truth.”

Red Cross Conference

S of September 6 the Swiss Short Wave

Service will broadcast each Friday at
19.20 GMT special programmes about the
forthcoming International Red Cross Con-
ference in New Delhi, India, on draft rules
for the limitation of the dangers incurred
by the civilian population in time of war.

During this Conference, from October 23
to November 7, a special correspondent will
give daily reports from New Delhi,, which
will be broadcast immediately after the
Home News, Wavelengths are HEU 33
9656 ke, 31,04m, and HEI 3, 7210 ke,
41.61 m,

, Tr Leo SC Tee ~~

What this Conference has done jg to
demonstrate that the Japanese People feel
very intensely on the ‘subject of nuclear
weapons. They have registered this in the
34 million signatries on a_ petition calling
for the banning of the H-bomb, and in
three successive “ Wc'ld Conferences,”

We hope that this wii,! be the-tast of these
Conferences,

They can provide a use Cul Opportunity”
for a small number. of peop: ¢ Of different
nations to meet each other. Bu't aS a con-
tribution to formulating a real pea‘ce policy
what they can provide has very litt,'e rela-
tionship to the effort and expenditure they
require,

We do not think Peace News can be
accused of a lack of sympathy for the
victims who died at Hiroshima and Naga-
saki, and with the many Japanese people
who have shared the suffering left behind
by what was done to these two cities,

We hold that the Governments that were
responsible for what was done at Hiroshima
and Nagasaki were guilty» of appalling
crimes. We should be glad to see some
signs of repentance among those who were
involved,

Pearl Harbour

What we are doubtful about is whether
those who were the most direct. sufferers
from these crimes will have much effect if
they merely keep saying. that’ such crimes
should not occur in the future.

There were, for instance, many more than
34,000,000 people in the world who held in
strong abhorrence what’ the Japanese Gov-
ernment decided to do-at Pearl Harbour. :

The mere fact that hundreds of millions
of people thought it wrong did not prevent
the thing from happening.

It is not only 34,000,000 Japanese, but
some 2,500,000,000 people of all nations
who do not want to. be atomised in a
nuclear explosion. This is something we
may take for granted without getting their
Signatures or organising world conferences
to declare it,

Military preparation

The Japanese people, who adopted a con-
stitution abandoning military preparation,
are becoming increasingly involved in. the
military preparations of the Western
Powers.

The 3,981 Japanese present at the
Tokyo Conference could do a great deal
to prevent this if they were to refuse to
participate in these preparations and were
to direct their activities to persuading
others also to refuse,

mw ON BACK PAGE

2—PEACE NEWS—September 6, 1957

Johan Galtung, Norwegian sociologist and Vice-Chairman of the Norwegian section? of
the War Resisters’ International gives his impressions of a visit to Danilo Dolci, exponent

of non-violence and well known for hig work among the Sicilian poor

DOLCI

E is a huge man, relaxed, spectacled, with a very soft way of talking. His

age is only 33, though his experiences have made him look older.

When

he speaks, it is without gestures and empty rhetoric, but with a very firm con-

viction.
by side.

His sense of humour and some dry statistics find their place side

This is Danilo Dolci—the young architect from Trieste, who has caused

quite a sensation in Italy the last few years.

Sicily to meet him and found him in
his home and headquarters in one of
the poorer streets of Partinico, a
town of 40,000 inhabitants near the
coast, westwards from Palermo.
Never shall I forget the spirit of com-
munity during the dinner he offered me.

Dolci, his wife (the widow of a fisher-
man killed by bandits), his 13 children (five
brought into the marriage by his wife, six
adopted because of their quite hopeless
conditions, and two of his own), and some
young men, fishermen from the district,
students, social workers, teachers, who had
volunteered to help Dolci in his work,
were gathered round a table. A true and
fine community feeling was present, Dolci
did not preside over them, but was a very
unauthoritarian focal point,

Guided by intuition

«Next day we visited Trappeto, the fishing
village some miles from Partinico, where
conditions are particularly bad. This is the
place where Dole:’s father was once
‘station-master, and the place to which
‘Dolci returned one day in January, 1952,
with 30 lire in his pocket,

Since then he has never left the district
except in order to publish his books, to
collect money, visit the committees estab-
lished in Italy’s larger towns to assist him
and similar trips,

We will not go into any detail to describe:
the terrible conditions the poor people in
this district, or in Sicily, and the entire
Southern part of Italy for that matter, have
to face.

A United Nations commission — has

declared the area to be “ under-deve-
loped ”’—which is a rather heavy verdict.

I had travelled halfway round

(the triangle of hunger), there are always
sufficient concrete tasks to be done within
the limits set by the money collected.

These tasks to some extent coincide with
the programmes of the’ radical political
parties or splinter parties, It is clear that
Dolci initiates actions these parties should
have initiated long ago, had it not been for
the back-slide of our parliamentary demo-
cracies: the amount of initiative lost in the
struggle for political power,

Identification

Dolci has never satisfied himself with the
work of a propagandist or living far from
those he pretends to represent. Like
Gandhi, he lives in the midst of the poor
districts and has daily evidence of the
struggle for life of people who perhaps can
find employment only one month of the
year.

He has the real power of empathy,
sharpened through the way he has chosen
to live himself. And at the same time he
is an excellent writer, able to express: him-
self in prose and verse, in botlr Italiam and
the local dialect.

Careful investigations

Cheap propaganda and cries: for justice
alone do no work in the long run, Dolci’s
actions have always been preceded by care-
ful, almost scientific investigations.

In his books “ Banditi a Partinico” and
“JInchiesta a Palermo” are presented heaps
of facts, interviews and detailed’ accounts: of
living conditions, beliefs, etc. In one street
at Partinico there are 350 families whose
members have spent a total of f 3,000 years

ee ee a

AND GANDHI

work. Of course, Dolci never dreams of
achieving all this alone.

His task is to take the first step, and to
“stir sluggish consciences,” to quote
Gandhi.

In this way Dolci serves as a connection
between the poorest and the politicians,
whose task it is to'care for them, A con-
tact afforded through elections every four
years is not sufficient. Neither are Press
propoganda and clever orators alone,

Action and sacrifice

A constructive programme was for
Gandhi not a piece of paper he presented
to others, but something’ he himself partici-
pated in. This is the true identification with
others, where planning is not enough, : but
even participation is a part of the plan.

Danilo has, with his own hands, partici-
pated in the work at Borgo di Dio, and he
himself went on the road with a shovel and
a pick during February last year,

Non-violence

The fishermen at Trappeto have been in
a particularly difficult position. , Rich
people from the towns nearby have come
to their fishing banks with modern equip-
ment and deprived them of st of the
fish. Although this has been prohibited by
law, the laws have not been enforced by
the police.

To see one’s own daily bread disappear
is bad enough: to see it when one’s own
children are starving must be a true torture.
The situation of the braccianti, the land:
workers, is something parallel to this. No
wonder that threats of violence have been
used, and that banditry has flourished with
a peculiar mixture of criminal elements yet
with elements of social justice in it,

Dolci’s position has been completely
non-violent, not only in action, but also
in words (which is a very Gandhian posi-
tion),

He led the fishermen down to a beach,
where they fasted in common 24 hours,
playing Bach records. The police came by

has been realised, Last year, however, he
fasted a fortnight, together with many of
his friends, and received very many good
comments in the Press,

Fasts

His fasts have, just like Gandhi’s, three
purposes: to symbolise the compassion for
those who fast always and involuntarily, to
awaken fellow human beings in general and
the authorities in particular, and to give
occasion for; contemplation,

His fasts have been severely Gtiticised,
even by friends, who tell him that this
Eastern form is not well suited for a poli-
tical campaign in Europe. The fasts have,
however, had an impact, particularly on the
poor, who well understand this symbol.

Dolci has announced that this year, in
November, he will start fasting until an
honest and serious attempt to make plans
for the constructive work on a large scale
in the whole area is made, and the real-
isation of the plans have been promised
beyond doubt.

At the same time, there will be a meeting
in Palermo of some planning experts, whom
it is very important for Dolci to influence,
or rather, to make them fully realise the
extent of the present disaster. Dolci will
need all the support he can get at that
time and before.

Who is Danilo Dolci? In short, he
represents Gandhism in a Western form.
Unlike Gandhi, he does not believe in the
rather extreme anarchism Gandhi advo-
cated, nor in his rejection of modern tech-
nology (Dolci: ‘machines are not bad in
themselves”), nor in Gandhi’s extremely
ascetic life.

Dolci will, if successful, mean more for
the non-violent movement in Europe than
all our books and our theorising. May I
finish with an expression of my sincere
reverence for this man, and the hope that
he will get the support he needs to achieve
his aims,

« PROSp,

ee ee | ee
place where Dole:’s father was once
‘Station-master, and the place to which
iDolci returned one day in January, 1952,
with 30 lire in his pocket,

Since then he has never left the district
except in order to publish his books, to
collect money, visit the committees estab-
dished in Italy’s larger towns to assist him»
and similar trips,

We will not go into any detail to describe
the terrible conditions the poor people in
this district, or in Sicily, and the entire
Southern part of Italy for that matter, have
to face,

A United Nations commission | has
declared the area to be “ under-deve-
loped ”—which is a rather heavy verdict.
People are not starving in the streets in

Palermo’s slums, where one-fifth of the
half a million population have to live.

But the life expectancy is around 30
years, hetero-sexual and homo-sexual pros-
titution are flourishing, education is incon-
spicuous, theft and murder belong to the
daily course of events. Charming Italy is
somewhat less charming in these parts.

Instead of giving a chronology of Dolci’s
achievements, we will rather examine some
points where there is a close resemblance
to Gandhi.

This resemblance is even more interest-
ing because Dolci cannot be said to copy
Gandhi’s_ principles, He has not read
Gandhi’s works, because approximately
nothing has been translated into Italian.
He has been guided by intuition and a

strong belief in his fellow-men, including
both supporters and antagonists, and has
arrived at very much the same _ con-
victions and actions that are important in
“ Ghandism.”

A minimum of belief

Dolci does not advocate a complete
theoretical system. His supporters (or
“ friends,” as he would call them) belong
to different religious and political camps.

What they have in common is not easily
stated in philosophical terms, and there is
no need to pigeon-hole their beliefs either.
When people around one live on the brink
of starvation, always surrounded by poverty
and illiteracy, one does not ask for belief,
but action.

The dignity of man, the duty of the
rich to care for the poor, these are his
beliefs. They who agree with him in his
practical programme are invited to par-
ticipate.

In a desperate situation like the one they
have to face down in il triangolo del fame

ZAMS IS tHe

sharpened through the way he has chosen
to live himself. And at the same time he
is an excellent writer, able to express: him-
self in prose and verse, in both Italiam and
the local dialect.

Careful investigations

Cheap propaganda and cries: for justice
alone do no work in the long run. Dolci’s
actions have always been preceded by care-
ful, almost scientific investigations,

In his books “ Banditi a Partinico” and
“Inchiesta a Palermo” are presented’ heaps
of facts, interviews and detailed! accounts; of
living conditions, beliefs, etc. In one street
at Partinico there are 350 families whose
members have spent a total of 3,000 years
in prison, but only about 600 years at
school.

It is further demonstrated that the Italian
Government, in order to suppress the ban-
ditry arising from the poverty, has an extra
police budget in this district, more than
sufficient to cover Dolci’s plan: to construct
a dam to tame the Jato river and use the
water for irrigation,

Constructive programme

Gandhi knew, and Dolci knows, that
poverty is the worst enemy of the poor,
because it so easily leads to apathy. Be-
sides that, a one-sided urge for better con-
ditions or for the abolition of this or that,
will in the long run invoke a negative atti-
tude even if the requests are met with
sympathy and action.

Men are more easily convinced by
deeds than by words. Dolci has started
many concrete institutions. He and his
friends. have improvised small schools in
the worst districts, where the children are
too poor to attend an ordinary school.
They have fought against illiteracy,
Outside Trappeto, on a hill called Borga

di Dio (God’s Castle) a home for orphans
is erected, with regular education and free
meals. At the same place is his Universita
Populare, where adult education is given
lectures and record concerts are attended,
and there is a library—all free,

The same is found in Partinico, in a very
modest place, almost a stable. Dolci and
his friends do not present themselves as
teachers or lecturers, but rather as friends,
giving their knowledge to those who need
it. They open the doors to the pleasures
the rich Italian culture can yield.

But more plans are awaiting their realisa-
tion—better, or rather at least, some
medical care, the dam, work, work and more

the police,

To see one’s own daily bread disappear
is bad enough: to see it when one’s own
children are starving must be a true torture.
The situation of the braccianti, the land:
workers, is something parallel to this, No
wonder that threats of violence have been
used, and that banditry has flourished with
a peculiar mixture of criminal elements yet
with elements of social justice in it,

a ee ee ee eer ee

Dolci’s position has been completely
non-violent, not only in action, but also
in words (which is a very Gandhian posi-
tion).

He led the fishermen down to a beach,
where they fasted in common 24 hours,
playing Bach records. The police came by
and asked them to vanish, but they refused.
Why couldn’t they do in public what they
virtually did the whole year—fasting ?

Three days later the famous reverse strike
took place. It was announced in the Press
in large areas of Italy. Hundreds of un-
employed, led by Dolci and his friends, went
out to an abandoned road close to Partinico
and started working.

The police came (and the Press and photo-
graphers!) and asked them to stop this
completely peaceful demonstration, merely
because it was against police regulations.

The demonstrators refused, and Dolei lay
down on the ground when they wanted to
arrest him. He was carried away and im-
prisoned at Palermo. There was no
violence at all, though it was alleged later
that the shovels and picks had been arms.

It is unnecessary to say that the 53 days
in prison were the best propaganda Dolci
could obtain. The trial was quite a sensa-
tion, as he was defended by the late Cala-
mandrei, founder of the independent review
Il Ponte, Firenze. He was not completely
acquitted, but was rather symbolically fined.

Civil disobedience

Dolci is no anarchist, but he believes that
there are laws and principles which are
sometimes more important to obey than
governmental laws. Neither is he afraid
of prison, If Dolci had been sentenced
to the eight months prison the attorney
wanted, the moral content of his action
would not have been different; most people
would still have acquitted him, in their
hearts.

But, like Gandhi, Dolci will not use the
weapon of civil disobedience except in ex-
treme cases, and only when all possible
legal means have been tried.

In 1952 Dolci promised that he would
fast one week a year till the dam project

a ee

Who is Danilo Dolci? In short, he
represents Gandhism in a Western form.
Unlike Gandhi, he does not believe in the
rather extreme anarchism Gandhi advo-
cated, nor in his rejection of modern tech-
nology (Dolci: “machines are not bad in
themselves”), nor in Gandhi’s extremely
ascetic life.

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Emancipate the
coloured peoples
—Pax Christi

BY Dr. FRANCIS RONA

A BOUT 460 members of the Inter-
national Pax Christi movement—
mostly from France and Germany, but
some from eight other European
countries, French Colonies and Protec-
torates in Africa, China and Japan—
considered the cultural and economic
emancipation of ‘“non-Whites” at
their. conference, in Maria-Zell, the
Austrian pilgrimage town, recently.
Originally this Catholic peace organisa-
tion (not to be mistaken for the Polish
“Pax” organisation denounced by the Pope
as ‘Communist controlled,” nor the British
Protestant sponsored Pax Christi move-
ment) aimed at the reconciliation of the
“arch-enemy” mations: Germany and
France. It was founded by Bishop Pierre
Maria Théas, of Lourdes when in the Com-
pi¢gne Nazi Concentration Camp in 1944,
and supported in post-war. years by several
French and German bishops and by Abbé
Pierre, the well-known social, worker in
Paris,

Gradually its basis was. broadened and
Pax Christi became the officially acknow-
ledged Peace movement of the Roman
Catholic Church, led by its President
Cardinal Feltin, and with branches in
more than 12 countries, The Cardinal,
as well as Bishops Théas, Schriffer (Ger-
many), Rusch (Austria), Charriére (Swit-
zerland), and Sunnens (Belgium), visited
the Conference in Maria-Zell.

The Minister of Education, Dr, Drimmel,
greeted the guests in the name of the Aus-
trian Government, and ‘desired “the termi-
nation of the shameful discrimination of
peoples who received from God a coloured
skin. That is a great task for European
Christians,”

GROSS INEQUALITIES

Bishop Rusch, vice-president of Pax
Christi, stressed in his opening speech that
over two-thirds of mankind belonged to the
coloured. races, (Another speaker said:
“We Whites are also coloured ’—some
were sun-tanned). Bishop Rusch pointed
out that they have their own cultural bases
and foundations and the right to develop
them. Christians must approach them in
love and understanding.

The tit

Ed ciatth ty eaicral alice bani ee apa el

BANNED FROM
BRITISH AFRICA

Because he was banned from five British East
and Central African territories, US citizen George
M. Houser, Executive Director of the American
Committee on Africa, protested last week to their
His case, as reported in last week’s
Peace News, has been debated in the Federal Parlia-
ment of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.

Governments.

DURING a fact-finding mission last month for ithe
American Committee on Africa, Houser, a

former staff member of the Fellowship
of Reconciliation, attempted to enter
the British territories after first acquir-
ing the necessary entry visas.

The: British visa offices in New York,
Lagos, and Leopoldville had informed him
that American citizens do- not require entry
visas for the Central African Federation or
Tanganyika. He obtained visas for Kenya
and Uganda,

In a letter to the heads of Government
of the five territories, Houser revealed that,
upon arriving by plane at the Northern
Rhodesia border, he was turned back and
informed that he was on the Prohibited
Immigrant List. Apparently through an
error by. an immigration officer he was per-
mitted to enter Uganda.
he was apprehended by immigration
officers, notified that he was on the “ pro-
hibited ” list for Uganda, Kenya and Tan-
ganyika .as well, and forced to leave the
country. To this date no reason has been
given for prohibiting his entry.

«*Multi-racial’” areas

His letters urge the British governing
authorities to review his case and to permit
future entry,

“ At the very least,” he said, “I request
that I be informed of the reasons for my
being declared ‘ prohibited’ I hope these
reasons will be made public in order to
prevent false speculation.”

Mr, Houser revealed that he had been
denied visas to enter all of these territories
in 1954. He asked whether his anti-segre-
gation activities in the United States were
the basis for his prohibited status,

“For my part,” he said, “I find it diffi-
cult to explain the possible reasons for my
prohibited status,

“It seems more than coincidental that
the only areas of Africa to which I have
ever been refused entrance are British

Later, however, ,

George Iiouser

ernments jin’ barring ‘his entrance, Mr,
Houser sa‘id, must inevitably raise in
American minds the ‘question: “What

have they to hide?” He noted that if
the Governments of /East ‘and “Central
Africa are: sincere in ‘their stated desires
to achieve: a real “ partnership ” between
the races, they should not prohibit the
free travel of known ‘opponents of racism,
Mr, Homser’s letter was addressed to the
followmg heads of Government: Sir Roy
Welensky, Prime Minister of the Federation
of Rhodesia and Nyasalatid; Mr. Garfield

-Fodd, Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia;

Sir Evelyn Baring, Governor. of Kenya; Sir
Frederick Crawford, Governor of Uganda;
and Sir Edward
Tanganyika,

The American Committee on Africa is a voluntary

non-partisan organisation of,American citizens, formed
in’ 195%. - It functions a$ ‘a channel in the United

States for accurate information on all. aspects of -

African ilife and also informs Africans about the United
States. : .

Various forms of assistance to democratic forces in
Africa ate provided by the Committee.
,, mong members ‘of. the Executive, of which Domald

arrington is Chairman, are; Roger N. Baldwin, Rep.
“Martin Dworkis,
Walser and Judge: J. Waties Waring.

Members of the National Advisory Board include:
Stringfeliow Barr, Mrs. Chester Bowles; Allan Knight
Chalmers, Homer A, Jack, Clarence Pickett, Rep, A.
Clayton Powell, A, Philip Randolph, Norman Thomas,
Howard . Thurman, Channing: Tobias. and Willard
‘{Lownsend. :

WARN THE WORLD
URGES BELGIUM

BEtciuM wants the UN _ General
-, Assembly to have on its agenda the
subject of “collective action’ to inform and
enlighten the peoples of the world as to the
dangers of the armamenis race, and partic-
ularly as to the destructive effects of nuclear
weapons.” ‘

This is a new departure as regards
Assembly agenda items,

A draft resolution sent to the Secretary-
General on’ Aug. 9 would have. the

A. J. Muste;- Bayard Rustin, Gladys ;

September 6, 1957—PEACE NEWS—3:

His stand...and yours?

“ As modern war will be
so totally destructive,
| feel it is particularly im-
portant that | take a total
stand against it.”

We at Peace News last
week were proud to be able
to report the stand made
by Tom Jones in a Midlands
police court against the
whole machinery of conscription.

“1 think this stand | am making is the
most effective witness | can make against
war,” he told a Ministry of Labour official
before his sentence of three months’ im-
prisonment,

Thanks to the Wolverhampton Express and
Star, which faithfully reported Tom Jones’
stand, many in the Midlands will read the
words | have quoted above. Peace News will
have carried them to the four corners of
the earth, and, as | write, ao doubt some-
where someone is translating the Peace News
teport for publication in another language.

So while Tom Jones is in prison many will
‘be reflecting on his action.

Week by week Peace News makes known
the fact that something can be done by
every individual to stem the drift towards

re 9 ‘ war.
Twining, Governor of .

You can make a real and practical contri-.
bution by contributing to the Peace News
Fund today, for only if we raise
£2,280 by Dec. 314
can ‘we be sure that Peace News will be
_ able to continue’ publication as an 8-page
Ad. paper in 1958.
THE EDITOR.
Contributions since Aug. 23: £95 7s, 2d).
Total ‘since Jan. 1. F957 °2T,220° 95 Sa"
Contributions gratefully acknowledged:
B. S., Weymouth, £10 10s.; N. T., North

‘London, 5s.; R. R., Prestwich, 2s. 6d.;,
IR. W., Falmouth, 1s. 6d.; Anon, 5s,
Please make cheques, etc., payable to.

Peace News Ltd., and address them to Lady
Clare Annesley, Joint Treasurer, Peace:
News, 3 Blackstock Road, London; N.4.

nts nila a
First hospital

since the war

BRITAIN may build its first new general

hospital since the end of World War
If if plans for the rebuilding of London’s
Charing Cross Hospital on a site at Fulham
materialise,

“Plans were tend. unite TEnoon Bad

greeted tne guests in the name of tne Aus-
trian Government, and desired “the termi-
nation of the shameful discrimination of
peoples who received from God a coloured
skin. That is a great task for European
Christians.”

GROSS INEQUALITIES

Bishop Rusch, vice-president of Pax
Christi, stressed in his opening speech that
over two-thirds of mankind belonged to the
coloured races, (Another speaker said:
“We Whites are also coloured ”—some
were sun-tanned). Bishop Rusch pointed
out that they have their own cultural bases
and foundations and the right to develop
them. Christians must approach them in
love and understanding.

The Bandung Conference showed that
two-thirds of the world’s population desire
to form an independent ‘“ Third Force”
outside the power blocs, which fact has an
historic importance,

Professor Bettray (Vienna) reported
that there are 22 Negro bishops and over
2,000 Catholic Negro priests in Africa.
He underlined the gross inequalities in
incomes: ‘While the Whites have on
the average a yearly income of $915 to
spend, the figure for the Far East is only
$55. Colonialism, materialism, and
“paternal sympathies’ for coloured
peoples have come to an end now.”

The former member of the French Gov-
ernment for the Cameroons, M, Louis P.
Aujoulat, declared: “The West must enter
into. discussions with the coloured peoples
without reservations. If they are emanci-
pated, if they can decide in complete free-
dom, then they may accept the helping hand
of the West,”

The Pax Christi Conference showed a
significant progress in the Catholic peace
movement in the promotion of the unity
of all races to ensure peace, justice and
equality,

“UNARMED” FOR DISCUSSION

e CU NARMED-—Britain After Unilateral

Disarmament” is the subject for dis-
cussion at a Yorkshire Peace Pledge Union
Week-end School and House Party at Holly-
brook Guest House, Ilkley, on Sept, 28
and 29,

Lecturer will be Stuart Morris, General
Secretary of the PPU. Charge is £1 6s, or
for day visitors 1s, per lecture, is

Booking forms from Ken Chadwick, 35,
Berkeley Avenue, Leeds 8,

future entry, a
“ At the very least,” he said, “I request
that I be informed of the reasons for my
being declared ‘ prohibited” I hope these
reasons will be made public in order to
prevent false speculation.”

Mr. Houser revealed that he had been
denied visas to enter all of these territories
in 1954. He asked whether his anti-segre-
gation activities in the United States’ were
the basis for his prohibited status,

“For my part,” he said, “I find it diffi-
cult to explain the possible reasons for my
prohibited status,

“It seems more than coincidental that
the only areas of Africa to which I have
ever been refused entrance are British
areas usually referred to as ‘ multi-racial,’
Is it possible’ that my own background of
activity in the United States against segre-
gation has something to do with the
decisions of the Governments of East and
Central Africa?”

Mr. Houser had no difficulty last month
in entering the Belgian territories of Congo
and Ruanda-Urundi and British-controlled
Nigeria: On past occasions he has travelled
freely through French territories as well.

The action of the British Colonial Goy-

Community boycotted

Kononia COMMUNITY, religious

pacifist |community near Americus,
Georgia, whieh has been the victim of
bombings, shootings, economic boycott and
arson because of its inter-racial policy, is
seeking to open'a pecan nut shelling plant
as a means of economic survival.

Whites in jthe area have demanded. that
Koinonia magve away and have refused
offers that both sides accept arbitration
made by Koinonia, reports Richard Baker.:

Two thousand pledges of $25 are asked
for to raise $50,000. The money will be
repaid within ten years at 4 per cent.

interest. Persons wishing to help should
write Koinonia Community, Route 2,
Americus, Georgia, U.S.A.

Negroes aré forced by local law enforce-
ment officials to do no business with
Koinonia. local bank will accept no
more deposits of money from Koinonia,
and the local jSears-Roebuck store has asked
Koinonia not} to purchase from them since
the incident at the Birdsey feed store, which

was bombed for refusing to boycott
Koinonia. ere has been no_ violence

since,

TT EM, 2X. Pip’ Randolph, Norman Thomas, 7: ~-, Yeymoutn, £10 [Os,5

‘Howard . Thurman,
‘Wownsend.

WARN THE WORLD
URGES BELGIUM

BELGIUM wants the UN _ General

-, Assembly to have on its agenda the
subject of “collective action’ to inform and
enlighten the peoples of the world as to the
dangers of the armaments race, and partic-
ularly as to the destructive effects of nuclear
weapons.” \

This is a new departure as regards
Assembly agenda items,

A draft resolution sent to the Secretary-
General on’ Aug. 9 would have. the
Assembly consider that the entire world is
exposed “to the danger of unprecedented
devastation and that the peoples .of all
countries should be made to realise. this”
through “an effective and continuing pub-
licity campaign on a world-wide scale,”
under UN auspices and disregarding “all
ideological of political considerations.”

In its operative part, the draft resolution
Suggests that.the Secretary-General should
submit a plan for the publicity. campaign
to the Assembly’s thirteenth session, and
makes various proposals as to the scope of
such a plan,

The Assembly opens on Sept. 10.

Channing: Tobias. and Willard

; N. T., North
London, 5s.; R. R., Prestwich, 2s. 6d.;.
R. W., Falmouth, 1s, 6d,; Anon, 5s,
Please make cheques, etc., payable to:
Peace News Ltd., and address them to Lady
Clare Annesley, Joint Treasurer, Peace:
News, 3 Blackstock Road, London, N.4,

er
First. hospital

since the war

BRIN may build its first new general

hospital since the end of World War
Il if plans for the rebuilding of London’s
Charing Cross Hospital on a site at Fulham
materialise,

“Plans were ready more than four years
ago,” reported the Daily Telegraph, Aug,
17, “but lack of a Government grant pre-
vented a start being made,”

KinanciaL. Footnore.—In the last ten
Years since the end of the war Britain has
Spent over £12,000,000,000 on arms, enough
to build .and equip 6,000 hospitals. in
Britain and the colonies at a Cost of

£2,000,000. each.

(=r nme miners

Strength of Civil Defence Corps in England
and Wales fell by 861 during the quarter
ending June 30, 1957, “ mainly owing to
weeding out out of inactive members,”
states the Home Office.

_Send your order NOW !

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Christmas Cards and Gifts; without this income the paper is seriously threatened.

This means a big personal effort from every reader and group supporting
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4—PEACE NEWS—September 6, 1957

After 5: months ;

IHE four Western Powers represented on

the Disarmament. Sub-Committee that
has been meeting at Lancaster House in
London tabled last’ week a complete state-
ment of the proposals that had been
agreed. upon among themselves, and Mr,
Zorin for Russia immediately made clear
that they are unacceptable.

The whole five and a half months. in
which the Committee has been meeting
have» been spent in manceuvring around
what has been essentially the same set of
proposals. “The present document,” said
Mr. Zorin, “contains the same round of
questions which we have been discussing
from the very beginning of our work.”

We frankly do not understand why the
Russian Government holds it to be desir-
able to reject them; on the other hand, we
are not under the illusion that the accept-
ance of these proposals, so far as theit
material consequences are concerned, would
make any considerable difference in regard
to future security in the world,

The’ U.S. representative, Mr. Harold
Stassen, for some reason that is not self-
evident, still displays a certain optimism
about the possible outcome of these talks,
and there are those who think: that Mr,
Zorin’s pronouncement may not be the end
of this phase of the . discussions. The
Sunday Times correspondent, for instance,
remarks that “immediately after. Mr.
Zorin’s attack on the West on Friday a
Soviet spokesman told correspondents that
it was not necessarily Russia’s last word.”

At the time of writing the Sub-Com-
mittee’s sittings have still to be brought to
an end, and when they close the matter wil;
come before the U.N. General Assembly in
the form of a Report to the U.N, Disarma:
ment Commission. It is possible that it is
here that the Russian Government may
make its next. move towards agreement,

Not the way to
disarmament

ALTHOUGH we follow the proceedings

in these talks with a high degree of
interest, whether undertaken in the Sub-
Committee or the Commission, we should
perhaps make it clear that it is not because
we build any great hopes for a_ real

eee Ee eee ee ee Oe ae eee

iteeenny Tiny i 1

\| I p . z h hess an
|

>—f HiT

decided, said Mr, Sandys,
impossible.”

“We decided not to defend the whole
country, but to defend only our bomber
bases.”

“not to do the

The Government of which Mr, Sandys ‘is
a member, however, still talks about“ Civil
Defence,” and is still. bringing pressure
upon those municipalities: who have decided
to do away with it,

There is considerable need for a plain
Editorial and Publishing office,

3 Blackstock Road
London, N.4 /

Tel: STAmford Hill 2262

Hi aad F

wre | a}

i al

PEACE NEWS °3

September 6, 1957

wl yr
ONT T
il

- -

statement of the Government’s Civil’ De-

fence policy: an explanation in some detail
of what such Civil Defence teams as are
left alive in the face of an H-bomb attack
will be expected to do. Perhaps it is in-
tended to take them out of the towns and
to use them as part of the preparations. for
the defence of the bomber bases.

A good slogan for St, Pancras might be:
“Enlist for CD and enjoy the safety of a
defended bomber base.”

Distribution office for U.S.A.
20, S. Twelfth St.,
Philadelphia 7, Pa.

Reg’d as a newspaper, Entered
as second class matter at
Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa.

CRUCIAL STAGE IN GHANA

[THREE YEARS AGO Mr. Richard Wright, the distinguished
American Negro author, toured the Southern half of the Gold

Coast territories and then wrote a book, “ Black Power.”

Mr. Wright

was wholly in sympathy with the aspirations of the peoples of these
lands towards independence, and he fully accepted Dr. Nkrumah’s
party as the appropriate instrument for its achievement.

As a result of his trayels, however, he was distressed by his sense of the
inadequacy of many of the tribal chiefs and the extent to which their develop-
ment was hampered by disabling superstitions.

Even more important, he was troubled by the many evidences he found of

a lack of energy and self-reliance among the people he met.

He gives a number

of instances where a man’s desire for development and advancement seemed to
be instinctively equated in his mind with the assumption that there would inevit-
ably be somebody somewhere who would take the necessary steps to realise his

praiseworthy aspirations for him.

ECAUSE of these things he concludes his book with a letter to Dr.

Nkrumah in which he seems to be urging that when freedom from
colonial domination has been secured a government on authoritarian
lines shall be built and that the people of the country shall be harnessed
by industrial conscription to the necessary great industrial effort.

There seem now to be signs that Dr. Nkrumah is intending to act on this
advice, or that Mr. Wright was saying what he knew to be already in Dr.

Kkrumah’s mind.

In the deporting of the three pressmen, Dr. Nkrumah was merely following
the example set under the authoritarian rule exercised by colonial Powers in the

territories which thev control bv farce:

but not co freauently Dr Nkrumah

Malaya refuses
nuclear bases
CONGRATULATIONS to Malaya on its
independence, ‘together with the wish
that Tunku Abdul Rahman’s recent declar-
ation that the war against the Communists
in the jungle “must be finished by the
end of 1958” may be justified by events.

The path of the first Government in a
newly independent country is never easy.
As long as independence remains the long
struggled-against outcome of conditions in
which it can no longer be withheld, it will
be too much to expect the new rulers always
to be wise and the newly independent
people always to be aware of what demo-
cracy and freedom really mean; and in
Malaya’s case the multi-racialism of the
population presents problems. of particular
difficulty.

In the meantime pacifists can congratu-
late the new Malaya a second time—on a
first act of wisdom, It has announced. its
intention of staying outside the SEATO
pact, which an overwhelming part of the
eastern world looks upon as a highly sus-

pect alliance, and of not allowing nuclear
warfare bases on its territory.

Will Yemen follow
Syria?

NSTEAD of fussing about the possible

visit to Syria before the end of the
present year of Marshal Bulganin and Mr.
Khrushchov—which is not even certain yet
and is, moreover, quite as legitimate’ as Mr.
Loy Henderson’s to Turkey—our Press
would do better to pay attention to the
constantly recurring fighting in the unde-
fined border zone between Yemen and the
western part of the Aden Protectorate,

Ever since the beginning of this year
there has been, with only a few weeks’
interruption, a reciprocal bombardment of
protest notes between the Yemen Govern-
ment via its London Embassy and the
Foreign Office—both sides declaring the

. other side’s assertions and protests to be

unacceptable as totally devoid of founda-
tion and, occasionally, the very opposite of
the truth,

ee ee ee a tit VUDrWOOUIII*
mittee’s sittings have still to be brought to
an end, and when they close the matter wil:
come before the U.N, General Assembly ir
the form of a Report to the U.N, Disarma:
ment Commission. It is possible that it is
here that the Russian Government may
make its next move towards agreement,

Not the way to
disarmament

ALTHOUGH we follow the proceedings

in these talks with a high degree of
interest, whether undertaken in the Sub-
Committee or the Commission, we should
perhaps make it clear that it is not because
we build any great hopes for a_ real
approach to disarmament by their means,
The history of disarmament negotiations
throughout the last century does not give
any support to the hope that a permanent
scaling down of armaments may be reached
by such means, and it seems to us to be
obvious today that an agreed and controlled
disarmament by progressive stages among
nations that face each other governed by
policies compounded of menace and fear, is
less possible than it has ever been because
‘of the character of the weapons and the
modern machinery of war.

Some kind of agreement from the Lan-
caster House talks would be of value for
one reason only: it would be an. indicatior
that the realisation that confronted the
Powers in 1955 at Geneva—that world war
was not only “ unthinkable,” but that if it
were permitted to arrive it would be likely
that there would be nobody left to think it
—had not evaporated; and that a show of
surface amity must be maintained until such
time as the Governments have brought
themselves to face the fundamental rethink-
ing that is called for in the age of atomic
power.

A tribute

PEAKING at a Press conference in
Canberra recently, Mr, Duncan Sandys,
British Minister of Defence, paid tribute to
the people living in Britain for the readi-
ness with which they have accepted the
“harsh but inescapable” facts of the pre-
sent situation in’ regard to preparation for
war,

Because it is known that it will be im-
possible to prevent all enemy bombers
carrying hydrogen bombs from getting
through to Britain (to say nothing of inter-
continental ballistic missiles), it has been

a lack Of energy and seli-reliance among the people he met. He gives a number
of instances where a man’s desire for development and advancement seemed to
be instinctively equated in his mind with the assumption that there would inevit-
ably be somebody somewhere who would take the necessary steps to realise his
praiseworthy aspirations for him.

~ *
ECAUSE of these things he concludes his book with a letter to Dr.
Nkrumah in which he seems to be urging that when freedom from
colonial domination has been secured a government on authoritarian

lines shall be built and that the people of the country shall be harnessed
by industrial conscription to the necessary great industrial effort.

There seem now to be signs that Dr. Nkrumah is intending to act on this
advice, or that Mr, Wright was saying what he knew to be already in Dr.
Kkrumah’s mind.

In the deporting of the three pressmen, Dr, Nkrumah was merely following
the example set under the authoritarian rule exercised by colonial Powers in the
territories which they control by force; but not so frequently, Dr, Nkrumah
should realise, in their own metropolitan areas, (apart from the Communist. or
Fascist totalitarian States),

This reservation eyen applies to France, whose record of suppression in
regard to Algerian affairs is a very black one indeed.

* *

HAT we on our side have to realise, however, is that when we

have released a people from the authoritarian tyranny that we
have been imposing we cannot contrive at the same time to hand over
the means and the capacity for the democratic conduct of affairs, the
development of which we have been preventing,

The two obstacles discussed by Mr. Wright in “ Black Power,” for instance,
are something left over from British rule: on the one hand, through the failure
to press forward with educational activities; and on the other, through the fact
that the imposition of an external rule cannot provide the conditions in which
self-reliance can be developed,

Dr. Nkrumah has now announced that there will be compulsory national
service—which, we take to be a form of industrial conscription—and the
establishment of a territorial force. -

We may be wrong, but. we cannot help linking the latter proposal with the
setting up of a separate Ministry of the Interior under Mr. Krobo Edusei
(described by Mr. Anthony Sampson of the Observer as “Ghana’s tough new
Minister”), and with the menace in Dr, Nkrumah’s declaration: “If the facts
were to come out, all the Opposition would be in gaol.”

* *
E have not concealed in Peace News our hope that self rule in
Ghana will be given a wide and liberal interpretation and that
the different tribal practices, languages and traditions that form part of
the ways of living of the peoples of Ghana will not be “ centralised ”
out of existence.

Industrial conscription is not something we look upon with favour, but we,
who have not to face their difficulties, must be chary in our criticism of the
steps that Dr. Nkrumah’s Government may take to deal with them.

There is little doubt, however, that Dr. Busia’s party is standing for certain
values that it would be well for Ghana to retain, and that, incidentally, Dr.
Nkrumah has eloquently defended in the past.

We hope, therefore, that the comment by Dr, Nkrumah that we haye quoted
above was merely an understandable expression of impatience in a period of
tension, and that it does not mean that there is a danger that we may have to
witness another single-party tyranny added to all the others that infest the world.

LS A ESR GN NER tome

fined border zone between Yemen and the
western part of the Aden Protectorate,

Ever since the beginning of this year
there has been, with only .a few weeks’
interruption, a reciprocal bombardment of
protest notes between the Yemen Govern-
ment via its London Embassy and the
Foreign Office—both sides declaring the

_ other side’s assertions and protests to be

unacceptable as totally devoid of founda-
tion and, occasionally, the very opposite of
the truth,

It is undisputed that there is ever-recur-
ring fighting and that Venom jet planes are
being used on the British side. But,
whereas the Yemenis always claim that the
scene of fighting has been on their side of
the border because their territory has been
invaded, the British communiqués as in-
variably assert that it has taken place on
Protectorate territory invaded by the
Yemenis,

One significant admission, however, is
contained in the British statements, They
have mentioned more than once that “ dis-
sident tribesmen bribed by the Yemen Goy-
ernment and strengthened by Yemeni
troops ” are the offenders. The term bribe
does not mean much in a part of the world
where bribing is looked upon as legitimate,
and the bribe itself does not have to be
more than the provision of a living ration.

But an impartially organised opportunity
for the free expression of the people’s will
whether they want to belong to the wholly
autocratic sheikdoms which enjoy the pro-
tection of the British Government or the
probably equally autocratic but far more
distant authority of the Kingdom of Yemen
is long overdue,

Holding on grimly to the remnants of its
vanishing power all over the Arabian world,
the British Government is once again taking
the simple but short-sighted course of try-
ing to uphold the authority of a local auto-
cracy, purblind to the longer-term conse-
quences,

To drive the Yemen into the Soviet camp
cannot in the long run be to the advantage
of either the Aden Protectorate or. of
Britain herself,

2 s
Tailpiece
“A clean bomb is one that kills you but
doesn’t harm your pallbearers.” —- US

columnist Frederick Othman.

Alabama: Whites threaten total boycott

GUY HARDWICK, Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor of Alabama, has threatened
a “total boycott” of Negroes if “ this
outrageous civil rights bill becom
law.” .

A boycott by Southern Whites
against Negroes comes naturally to
them. In contrast, for the Negroes to
boycott Southern Whites requires a
complete change in their lives.

The “ outrageous civil rights Bill” has
now ‘been. passed by both the US Senate
and the House of Representatives. It was
originally designed to speed up desegrega-
tion of schools and to ensure Negroes the
vote,

It is believed Lieutenant-Governor Hard-
wick threatened the total boycott because
he had visions of Federal troops marching
south and enforcing desegregation with
bayonets,

Bayonets were used to enforce school
desegregation in Clinton, Tennessee, last
year. However, public. reaction, North
and South, to tanks and bayonets forcing
a social change on American citizens was
so great that a repeat performance is not
likely.

Furthermore, Alabama need have little
fear, Most of the teeth have been pulled
from the civil rights Bill,

WHITE BOYCOTT

A WHITE boycott of Negroes would

; not be entirely new. Over most of
the South in recent years Negroes who
favour integration, Negroes who belong to
the National Association for the Advance-
ment of Coloured People (NAACP) and
Negroes who do not “know their place ”
have been boycotted by Whites,

Perhaps the White boycotts have not
been as organised as the Negro boycotts.

By RALPH BLACKWOOD, MA

US race relations correspondent:

If it is; learned in the South that a
Negro is a member of the NAACP, his
White employer fires him. If the Negro
is an independent owner: of a grocery
store, White store owners put pressure on
the wholesalers and make: them refuse to
sell to the Negro store owner,

A Negro share-cropper favouring integra-
tion is likely to find himself driven off the
land. Teachers who favour integratiom are
not employed by the White school boards
which administer both Negro and White
schools,

SOCIAL PRESSURE
HITES in the South ‘hold afl the
political power, Whites control the
Southern Press, they owm most of the land,
and they control most of the jobs, They
have almost total power and they have used
it objectively. It has not been necessary, in
many places, to organise a boycott against
“ dissatisfied ’’ Negroes.

Since the Civil War the Southern White
has grown to accept a society of separate
and dominant Whites as a necessary basis
of life. When this traditional way of life
is threatened, organisations and laws are
not needed. . :

The customs and mores of the White

community result in immediate and power-
ful social pressure against Negroes, who
violate the taboos.

No doubt the Southern White used social
pressures long before Negroes suddenly dis-
covered its effectiveness in Montgomery.
Perhaps Negroes have learned some of their
economics the hard way, by being boy-
cotted,

NEGRO BOYCOTT
W HEN it. comes to boycotting, the
Negro community has problems not

faced by. Whites. . For Negroes to boy-
cott Whites, the whole pattern of behaviour
and values in the Negro community must
be changed, i

Traditionally, Southern Negroes do not
oppose their White “superiors.” (All
Whites are supposed to’ be superior to any
Negro in the South.) According to tradi-
tion, Negroes agree quickly with Whites,
try to please them, and go to them for help
in time of trouble,

To carry out an effective boycott,
Southern Negroes must reverse this: pat-
tern of behaviour. Also they must re-
verse the attitudes which Negroes; need
to live safely in traditional Southern
society.

In order to avoid trouble, the Negro has
to behave at all times as if all Whites are
superior. In order to submit so completely
he: ‘has. to ‘believe Whites are actually
superior,

SIGNIFICANCE

UT the Negro boycotter has, to have
a completely different set of attitudes
toward himself and white men.

The Montgomery bus boycott, the Tus-
kegee boycott, and the recently . reported
Rock Hill, South Carolina, bus boycott—
all these Negro. boycotts take on. greater
significance when we. realise how much
change and growth they imply. ~

Southern Whites find boycotting easy

‘because it is a natural extension of’ their

old) way of life, values and habits. But

Southern Negroes boycott because they

have overcome their old way of life, their

old values, and their old habits,

Only if we realise how much Negroes
have had to change to boycott Whites can
we begin to understand the significance ‘of
the -boycotts.

HOW WE CAN HELP THE NEW NATIONS

HEN a colony gains independence

the people look. for immediate
changes. They have sometimes been
led to blame the previous imperialist
administration for all their sufferings
and expect their new self-governing
administration to remove them rapidly.
They expect higher standards of life, good
houses, schools, hospitals and dispensaries.
They may become disillusioned if reforms

are nat cean canan

The second method is illustrated by India.
Democracy is generally maintained, The
educated co-operation of the people is
sought. Long-term economic plans are in-
augurated, But two disadvantages are in-
evitable. The changes will be slower. And
capital investment must be accepted from
richer countries.

The acceptance of more gradual changes
will depend on the understanding partici-
pation of the people. Visitors to India say

It is time’ we had an International
Charter of Investment under. United
Nations auspices setting a limit to the
profits which private financiers can extort.

September 6, 1957—PEACE NEWS—5

A bbbebtt ttt tPCT Tit tila,

PEACE AND THE
FUEL PROBLEM

Britain and nuclear power
BY JOHN B. SCORE

See eeeeeo

T the annual general meeting of the
British Association last year, Sir
George Thomson, Master of Corpus
Christi, Cambridge, and President of
the Mathematics and Physics Section,
spoke of the relationship which will
exist between atomic power and that
available from oil and coal.

He said that 40 million tons of the
approximate 200 million of coal now con-
sumed annually will be saved by the year
1975. This would result from deriving 40
per cent. of the increased’ generation of
electricity from nuclear power.

It will be noted that Sir George expressed
this saving in terms of coal’ rather than oil.
But for many years it has been obvious that

“our coalfields may begim to show signs of

exhaustion before that date. ~And this

-situation will doubtless be aggravated by

the ever-increasing demands for more power
to support an expandiig industry.
*

On the other hand, one must consider the
recent tension which has ‘arisen over the
question of oil in the Middle East, and the
danger of a possible clash with the Rus-~
sians, who’ also covet these resources, as
well asa warm water port and a share in
the use of the Suez Canal. ;

In view, therefore; of the fact that
Britain’s dependence on trade routes ‘and
oil supply constitutes one of the gravest
weaknesses in her present economy, it is
surely obvious that every effort: should be
made to exploit the new source of nuclear
power to the fullest extent, in order to sup-'
plant as much as possible both foreign oil
and our rapidly diminishing coal supply.

Would not a large-scale top priority
atom-derived electrical generating scheme,
of which Calder Hall is a small sample,
give us independence ‘where foreign oil is
concerned ?

Negroes who do not “know their place”
have. been boycotted by Whites.

Perhaps the White boycotts have not
been as organised as the Negro boycotts.

cotted,

NEGRO BOYCOTT
(WHEN it. comes to boycotting, the

Only. if we realise how much Negroes
have had to change to boycott Whites can
we begin to understand the significance ‘of

Negro community has problems not. the -boycotts.-

HEN a colony gains independence
the people look. for immediate
changes. They have sometimes been
led to blame the previous imperialist
administration for all their sufferings
and expect their new self-governing
administration to remove them rapidly.
They expect higher standards of life, good
houses, schools, hospitals and dispensaries.
They may become disillusioned if reforms
are not seen soon,

From the point of view of the peoples
of the colonies as well as of the conveni-
ence of the imperial administration, there
is something to be said for a short interim
period, such as Ghana passed through
before independence, and Nigeria and the
West Indies are passing through now, when
considerable powers of internal administra-
tion rest with a democratically elected Gov-
ernment, although full self-government has
not been attained.

Two courses

During this period the representatives of
the colonial peoples gain experience, they
can begin to introduce reforms, and they
can plan (often with expert civil service co-
operation) for the future. Their people do
not expect too much during this period
because final authority still rests with the
imperial power. Ghana used the time
very effectively in educational and medical
advance and in planning large economic
schemes, such as the Volta River project.

But expectations are always greater than
can be realised. The newly independent
countries have not the capital necessary for
the formidable reforms which are required
and desired.

An independent government in these cir-
cumstances can follow one of two courses,
It can accept the Russian example, It can
demand great sacrifices from its people to
accumulate the necessary capital. It can
impose modern large-scale agriculture on
an unwilling peasantry by force. This
method inevitably involves dictatorship and,
as in the case of Russia, almost certainly
harsh repression. The intention may be to
remove the dictatorship as economic pro-
blems are solved; but, again, as Russia
under Stalin showed, dictators tend to cling
to their power and erucl tyranny follows.

The second method is illustrated by India.
Democracy is generally maintained, The
educated co-operation of the people is
sought. Long-term economic plans are in-
augurated, But two disadvantages are in-
evitable. The changes will be’ slower. And
capital investment must be accepted from
richer countries,

The acceptance of more gradual changes
will depend ‘on the understanding partici-
pation of the people. Visitors to India say
that this is happening. They tell of great

(Wega AERA HEN gH FEN go typ AUN gg EN ER AE ENA FEN AFTRA OPN AFT HEN AD

By Fenner Brockway MP

CHAIRMAN OF THE MOVEMENT FOR
COLONIAL FREEDOM

(gut Mag pat ANE py AUN gg ATE DEEN Mg HHUA AAT ptt gt

Community. projects in which the peasants
voluntarily take part. They tell of vast
power plants and of expanding irrigation
schmes. They say that ten years after inde-
pendence there is vitality and confidence
among the people, enthusiasm for the task
of construction, faith that it will succeed.

In Ghana, the Mass Education’ move-
ment, which teaches not only literacy but
hygiene, child care, road making (so that
isolated villages can be joined to the main
lines of transport), has the character of a
national social resurrection. The voluntary
brigades of young workers, becoming
trained in modern techniques, has the same
quality of service. If this spirit can be
maintained the necessary social revolution
will be achieved by democratic means,

Obtaining capital

But India and Ghana, already independent,
and Nigeria and the West Indies becoming
independent, \still have to face the problem
of obtaining) the capital they need from
wealthier cotntries. There is the danger

that a cut-throat competition will develop
to get this capital, Some countries, like
Northern Rhodesia, can offer high returns

on capital invested in its copper mines.
Other counties, which can ill afford them,
have to offer high rates of interest to com-
pete with the}large Rhodesian profits, Some
colonial governments are offering exemp-
tions from taxation and customs privileges.
Financiers tend to hold the colonies to
ransom, j

HOW WE CAN HELP THE NEW. NATIONS

‘It is time’ we had an International
Charter of Investment under United
Nations auspices setting a limit to the
profits which private financiers can extort.

_It is time, too, that colonial administra-
tions and the newly independent nations got
together to prepare a Convention — laying
down the conditions which they will require
from. private investors. Much better that
than competition in concessions! This Con-
vention should insist on reasonably short
concessions at the end of which the gov-
ernment of the territory would have the
right to take over the enterprise concerned.
It should insist on no racial discrimination,
the training of the indigenous workers for
skilled posts and management, progressively
rising minimum wages, trade union recog-
nition, good housing for the workers, good
health services. The Gezira scheme in the
Sudan shows such schemes to be practicable,

This is a constructive plan which the
Afro-Asian group of Governments, in-
viting the co-operation of the British
Colonial Office (which will not always be
Tory) and the Caribbean Governments
might consider.

Public investment

Far preferable to private investment
would be public investment. Best of all
would be a World Fund for under-deve-
loped countries, such as the United Nations
SUNFED scheme, which the American and
British Governments are unfortunately still
opposing. ‘The Labour Party’s pledge to
devote one per cent, of Britain’s national
income to aid under-developed countries,
amounting to £160 millions a year, is an
excellent national example. Agencies of the
United Nations, like the World Health
Organisation, UNESCO. and _ Technical
Assistance, as well as the International Bank,
point the way. But all are so ill-supported
at present by the Governments of the more
privileged. peoples that they cannot be
decisive, .

Fifty years ago the Labour Movement in
Britain took root with the determination to
end poverty in our own land. That has
been. largely, though not fully, accomplished.
We now need an international movement to
end poverty in the world;

to author.

Britain's dependence on trade routes and
oil supply constitutes. one of the gravest
weaknesses in her present economy, it is
surely obvious that every effort: should be
made to exploit the new source of nuclear
power to the fullest extent, in order to sup-
plant as much as possible both foreign oil
and our rapidly diminishing coal supply.
Would not a large-scale top priority
atom-derived electrical generating scheme,
of which Calder Hall is a small sample,
give us independence Where foreign oil is
concerned ?

The urgency of the need for substituting
nuclear power for oil is further emphasised
by the fact that many millions of sterling
are even now in course. of investment in
this country by major oil. companies, and
attempts are being made to involve the
general. public in. these very extensive and
expensive schemes. .. Twenty-five | million
pounds is being. .invested in one project
alone at Southampton.

I note that Sir George questioned the
possibility of small atomic power units suit-
able for propelling cars and aircraft, and
he considered the problems of size and
radiation insurmountable. One would like
to know on what grounds ?

With regard to size, could not apparatus
be designed on a much smaller scale to
utilise the power effect .of,. implosion—
rather than explosion—an attenuated form
of which latter is currently used to produce
heat-power ? Are not the radiation effects
of implosion very much less than the effects
of nuclear explosion ?

Is not this technique, already being ex-
plored in America ? It would be interest-
ing to know what, if anything, is being done
in this country regarding research into
implosion. '

One must not overlook the fact that with
the possibility of the advent .of atomic
engines for all forms of surface and_ air
traffic, and, atomic-derived electricity, oil
companies would suffer a severe. financial
setback, and one cannot avoid the suspicion
that this possibility has seriously retarded
research and development in the . whole
nuclear field,

Our emancipation from. oil is in fact a
most urgent necessity for the preservation
of British power and influence in. world
affairs,

Only by remaining free from both Ameri-
can and Russian economic interference and
pressure can we continue to be an inter-
national force for peace,

6—PEACE NEWS—September 6, 1957

LETTERS —

The well adopted by the North London Action Council for War on Want at Samaria, India

Safe wells for Indfa

I WISH to express to you and to your
paner. the very sincere thanks of the
North ¥ London Action Council for War on
Want for your wonderful article on the
well the Council has. adopted in Samaria
village,
“TY feel sure this will bring forth a kindly
response from your generous readers, who,
like your great paper, are: aware of the
tremendous problems that face mankind in
the quest for eternal peace.

I would like to point out to your readers
that this action by the Council is only a
very small part of its real endeavour.

The Council realises a war on want needs
the help of every. individual and organisa-
tion within the area, who can. afford to
“give” (if only a very little). ©

There is, much we can do, once we are
all aware, and can share in a great human
partnership, which can bring reality to the
saying: “ We are our brothers’ helpers.”

I would like especially to point out that
in the two-thirds of ‘the world’s population
struggling to exist there is the sum total of

900,000,000 children who have to live this

pitiful and tragic existence. ©

Surely, if we call ourselves “ humane ”
beings, we feel in our: consciences that all
is not well with man’s mentality when he
neglects and allows to suffer those who
cannot help themselves and who look to. us,
the elders, for succour.

There is much that is being done to over-
come world poverty, but a tremendous
amount more could be done by “the man
in the street” if he could only be helped
to realise the need.

wise

which multiply according to the portion of
extra money spent on consumer goods and
services compared with that portion of the
extra money saved,

In the 1930s the multiplier effect was re-
sponsible for setting into production other-
idle resources. In non-economic
language, lessening the dole queue. In the
1950s there have been. few or no idle re- -
sources: the scarce resources have been
made still more scarce and dearer.

Thus only in the latter period can we say
that re-armament in this country has had
an inflationary tendency.—_ JIM Le NOURY,
4, The Grove, rarer eh Chesterfield,
Derby,

Y. concern has grown to alarm, not

because you do not answer my ques-
men-

tion. about: the “economic fallacy ”
tioned in your article (PN, July. 19), but
because you entirely fail to see the point
of my letter. Indeed, one sentence in your
comments suggests that you. consider arma-
ments are an addition to the world’s wealth.

If that is your belief, what hope is there .of
changing the workers’ attitude to arms pro- *

duction ?

Perhaps you were misled by the last para-
graph in my letter, which merely re-stated
what I think is true—that any addition to
the total volume of incomes, regardless of
what service or disservice the income repre-
sents, is an addition to the value of the
total goods available. Therefore an in-
crease of 30 millions in soldiers pay adds 30
millions to the value of goods available
(That is the rough picture. I know there
are such things as reinvestment in actually
productive operations; but if we fail to
grasp the relationship between goods and

Bernard Llewellyn, former member of the Friends

Relief Service who

stwent to Korea with the Save

The ees Fund gives an
Impression of Syngman Rhee

IN Seoul early this year I met the
man who is perhaps the greatest
living exponent of the old-fashioned
type of patriotism—President Syng-
man Rhee. I was surprised, on see-
ing him face to face, to see ie old
he was, for the photograplis
lished of him are misleading,

Multitudinous wrinkles creased his face and
narrowed still further his ante eyes,
and he moved with the slowness and
something of the uncertainty of the very
old. He looked tired and he looked old;
but the years had not diminished his reso-
lution to unite Korea, to wage unceasing
war against the claims of the Communists,
and to maintain, in a state of readiness,
one of the largest armies in the world.

That resolution is expressed every’ time he
opens his mouth, The real question I
could not answer was whether | he was
now too old to do anything ql it
Was all his talk merely a safety valve ?

Syngman Rhee stands for most of ‘the atti-
tudes the pacifist detests. Military power
is the bedrock of his policy; his| concep-
tion of Christianity does not go beyond
“the strong man armed.” He occasion-
ally seems a trifle astonished that his
own eagerness to renew the fray and
drive the Communists out of North Korea
has sometimes embarrassed eyen the
tough-talking Americans,

E has been called realistic bv

those who regard South Korea

as Asia’s last stronghold of anti-Com-

munism, for nobody can accuse him of

failing to be alert to the dangers of Soviet

imperialism. .

realistic ‘by those’ who fear a ‘recrudes-

cence of Japanese expansionist policies on
the mainland of Asia.

Rhee burns with a fierce hatred of Russia,

Communist China and Japan—his three
closest neighbours. Many. call this
emotional attitude (which: is understand-
able in terms of Korean history) wisdom.
But what kind of realism is this? How
can Korea, geographically situated as she
is, afford the luxury of such an emotion?
Rhee talks. patriotically of his country’s
longing for freedom and independence;
but his policies render Korea ever more
dependent on US: aid... -This aid flows’ in

pub-

And he has been called .

sources into’ the Defence Budget; they
see the daily deterioration of their cur-
rency. They know they cannot afford
heroics,

But Rhee can. The old man who has iden-
tified himself with Korea and has spent
his life trying to win freedom for his.
country is dedicated to the same patriotic
fervour that fired his youth. He does not
want peace; he wants the reunification of
Korea—and he does not believe that will
come without a struggle. Therefore let
the struggle come in his lifetime, and let
the Americans furnish his divisions with
the atomic fire-power to match the arms
build-up north of the _ thirty-eighth
parallel,

If the old man with the wrinkled eyes
dreams, his are not peaceful dreams, All
his life he has been angry at the people
who have pushed his fellow-countrymen
around. He would like to get his own
back: It is not a good policy, it has no
future. But it would make’ an old man’
feel very good indeed.

VACCINE FOR HUNGARY

In answer to an urgent request from the
Minister of Health’ of Hungary, the
World Health. Organisation, has obtained
an export licence for salk vaccine from
the United States Government to help
control a threatening epidemic of polio-
myelitis in Hungary... The © shipment,
which was procured through WHO
Regional Office for ‘the Americas, the.
Pan-American Sanitary. Bureau, is suffi-
cient for 29,000 injections.

-THE-ADOPTION OF

VEGETARIANISM

is an essential step towards
unity of life and world harmony
READ

THE VEGETARIAN

WORLD
FORUM

ee Ee Ee ee Pee ee eee

partnership, which can bring reality to the
saying: “ We are our brothers’ helpers.” .

I would like especially to point out that
in the two-thirds of ‘the world’s population
struggling to exist there is the sum total of
900,000,000 children who have to live this
pitiful and tragic existence. | yo

Surely, if we call. ourselves ‘humane ”
beings, we feel in our consciences that all
is not well with man’s mentality when he
neglects and allows to suffer those who
cannot help themselves and who look to us,
the elders, for succour.

There is much that is being done to over-
come world poverty, but a tremendous
amount more could be done by “ the man
in the street”. if he could only be helped
to realise the need,

This then is the work of the Council, who
can send speakers, arrange exhibitions, give
film shows and organise practical schemes
of “action” for all those who wish to
express their moral concern for what is
really a moral obligation,

I would be very pleased to give further
practical details of how the Council and
other bodies in this country and in other
lands, tackle the war for peace—the war
on want—NORMAN HAMILTON, 10,
Candler St., London, N.15,

Armaments and inflation

WAR. P.. GWYNNE DAVIES’ letter in
PN, August 16, says: “ Great expendi-

ture on arms is always accompanied by

inflation. . . .” That is not always. so.

Inflation may be said to exist when the
factors of production (land, labour and
capital) are fully employed and there is a
level of demand greater than that of the
level of supply. Buyers compete with each
other for goods, they exert pressure on
sellers and thus push up prices. Money
values fall heavily,

When resources are fully employed and
there is an increased demand for arms then
such arms compete in the market with all
other demands for goods’ and services.

With a given level of supply arms can
be inflationary in two senses. (1) If there
is an increased demand, because of govern-
ment policy, as compared to the level of
demand for other goods and services, (2)
If those in the armed forces and/or people
manufacturing armaments get increased pay
whilst other workers do not.

This increased demand leads to what the
economists call a “ multiplier effect ” on the
economy. This sets into motion recurrent
demands of additional goods and services

MR MAY AGMLEE. ANCeed, one sentence in your
comments suggests that you consider arma-
ments are an addition to the world’s wealth.

If that is your belief, what hope is there.of
changing the workers’ attitude to arms pro- es

duction ?

Similarly, any millions paid for arms pro-
duction have the same effect; but who wants
guns, or battleships, or bombs ?_ Therefore,
apart from the taxes deducted to pay for
the guns, etc., by the Governments, the re-
maining millions go into the market to be
added to the value of real goods,

The issue of bonus shares has the same

. @ffect, as does any. increase in spending

power, Inflation can only be avoided or
corrected if spending power is related to
the supply of goods—and education, food,
Shelter, entertainment, enjoyment, are all
goods—but I do not include armaments !—
P. GWYNNE DAVIES, Abergele Rd., Old
Colwyn.

Nationalised industries

N his review (PN, August 9) of “ Public
Enterprise,” a Labour Party publication,
John Holtom reiterates the myth that ‘Ten
years ago large sections of British industry
passed into public ownership.”

None of the supposed-to-be nationalised
industries will ever be truly nationalised
until, first of all, the nation’s purse—its
monetary system and banking—has passed
into public ownership and is under public
control,

Far from transferring the Bank of Eng-
land to public ownership and control, some
of the provisions of the Act of 1945 are
specifically devised to obviate all possibility
of Parliament’s participation, and of public
control in the running of the Bank,

The compilers of “Public Enterprise ”
appear to attach no significance to a certain
famous great financier’s boast, “ Permit me
to issue and control the money of a nation,
and I do not care who makes its laws.”—
CHAS. W. D. NEWMAN, Beechcroft,
Brownshill, Stroud, Glos.

as Asia’s last stronghold of anti-Com-
munism, for nobody can accuse him of
failing to be alert to the dangers of Soviet

_ imperialism. . .
realistic ‘by those who fear a ‘recrudes-

cence of Japanese expansionist policies on
the mainland of Asia.

Rhee burns with a fierce hatred of Russia,
Communist China and Japan—his three
closest neighbours. Many call this
emotional attitude (which: is understand-
able in terms of Korean history) wisdom.

But what kind of realism is this? How
can Korea, geographically situated as she
is, afford the luxury of such an emotion?
Rhee talks patriotically: of his country’s
longing for freedom and independence;
but his policies render Korea ever more
dependent on US: aid... -This aid flows’ in
at the rate of a thousand million dollars
a year; and less than a third is economic
aid,

Said a wise Korean to me one day: “ How
can we be independent until we are
independent of aid ? ”

PSHERE were signs at the last elec-
tion that many Koreans are not

so enthusiastic as their President about
renewing the conflict. Some prefer a
quiet life to heroic posturing. They see
the draining away of the national re-

in years to come.

saving for Co-operators.

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crent for £7,UUU myjections,

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As this is a free service we reserve the right to

select for publication notices sent in. We nevertheless
desire to make it as complete a service as we reason-
ably can, and therefore urge organisers of events to:
1, Send notices to arrive not later than Mon. a.m,
2. Include: Date, TOWN, Time, Place (hall,
Street); nature of event; speakers, organisers (and
secretary’s address).
Friday /Sunday, September 6-8
BRISTOL: Vinoba and Sarvodaya Fellowship of
Friends of Truth, Conference with Donald Groom.
Redland College (Malvern House). Sec.: 8 Fairhaven
Road, Bristol, 6... Tel.:. 45515. Visitors welcomed.
Friday, September 6
LONDON LOCAL TRIBUNAL for COs, Fulham
Town Hall (opposite Fulham Broadway Und. Station),
10.30 a.m, and 1.15 p.m, Public admitted.
Saturday, September 7
LONDON, N.6: 3 p.m. 30 Wood Lane, Highgate
(one minute Highgate Underground) Garden Party for
Bhoodan Well Fund. Indian Dancers, Tea, stalls and
sideshows. North London Action Council for War
on Want;
> Sunday, September 8
LONDON : 3.30 p.m.; Friends International Centre,
32 Tavistock Square, Euston. Pacifist Universalist
Service. . Discourse by I. A, Sandapen, ‘‘A Day in
an Indian Village.”’
Monday, September 9
BIRMINGHAM : 8 p.m.; 221 Vicarage Road, Kings
Heath. Kings Heath and Cotteridge. PPU. All

welcome.
Thursday, September 12
LONDON, W.C.1 : 7.30 p.m.; Dick Sheppard House,
6 Endsleigh St. Annual General Meeting of the
Pacifist Youth Action Group.
LEYTONSTONE: 8 p.m.;
“* Vegetarianism Aid to Peace.”’
Ho., E.10 and E.11 Group.
Sunday, September 15
LONDON, W.C.1: 2.30 p.m. Friends International
Centre, 32 Tavistock Sq. Conf. for prospective con-
scientious objectors. Speaker: Brian Reed, Tea pro-
vided; Women also welcome, SoF.
Monday, September 16
SOUTHEND-ON-SEA: 8 p.m.; Wesley Church
Hall, Elm Road, Leigh. ‘‘ Any Questions.’’ Panel :
Rev, Wm. Hodgkins, MA, Coun, W. H.. Clough,
Mrs. L. M. Alexander, JP, Tom Parrinder (Scout
Commissioner), FoR.

SOUTHAMPTON: 8 p.m.;. ‘‘ Any Questions.’’
PPU Friends Mtg, Ho., Ordnance Road. All welcome.
Tuesday, September 17

UPMINSTER : 8 p.m.; St..Mary’s Lane School (nr.
The Bell). Speaker: Alec Beckman, ‘‘ Whither South
Africa ?’’ . Hornchurch Way To Peace Group, 52
Fleet Avenue, Upminster.

Thursday, September 19

LEYTONSTONE: 8 p.m.; Speaker: George Bush,
“* Ethics and Morality.’”” PPU Friends Mtg, Ho., E.10
and E.11 Group.

Friday, September 20

LONDON LOCAL TRIBUNAL for COs, Fulham
Town Hall (opposite Fulham Broadway Und, Station).
10.30 a.m. and 1.15 p.m. Public admitted.

Saturday, September 21

EPSOM. 3.45 p.m. 3 St. Martin’s Avenue. Poster
Parade to meeting in Rosebery Park (Speakers: Sybil
Morrison, Stuart Morris). 5.30 p.m. tea at Methodist
‘Church Hall, Ashley Road. 7.0 p.m. public meeting
““ Peace Is_ Possible.”” (Speakers: Donald Chessell,
Stuart Morris, Sybil Morrison, Minnie Pallister; Chair-
man: James L, Henderson). Epsom and District Peace

Speaker: Grace Lane,
PPU Friends Mtg.

Fellowship.

GLOUCESTER: 3 p.m.; Friends Mtg: Ho., PPU
‘Western Area AGM, Rally and Auction, Details:
Ron Barns, 4 Grange Drive, Bridgwater.

Thursday, September 26

LEYTONSTONE: 8 p.m; Group _ Discussion,
PPU Friends Mtg. Ho., E.10 and E.11 Group,

Monday, September 30
LONDON APPELLATE TRIBUNAL for COs,

Ebury Bridge Road, Victoria,
Public admitted.

Ebury Bridge House,
S.W.1.

10.30 a.m. and 2.15 p.m.

Civil Defence in the Netherlands

LAYERS OF (LLUSION

Hilda von Klenze reviews

Bescherming Beyolking (Civil Defence), by N. J, Verkruisen, published by De Driehoek,
Amsterdam, on behalf of Central Dutch Peace Bureau (BEDA), one gilder,

IN the Netherlands, as in other countries, Civil Defence seems to be a thing

of many layers.

The outside consists of a smooth mixture
of soft soap, human compassion, and a
kind of “Holland-can-take-it” attitude
which always goes down well; next comes
the harder stuff of sheer expediency which
shows CD to be an essential cog in the
military machine; and finally there is, deep
inside, the desperate core of complete help-
lessness in the face of modern weapons.

The government has no more notion how
to protect the country against

rains, and so it talks airily about deep
shelters and evacuation, knowing only too
well that the former are too costly and
that the latter suggestion, in view of Hol-
land’s size and density of population, is a
lunatic counsel of perfection,

N. J. Verkruisen deals with each layer in
urn, There is a section on the official
organisation and the laws under which it
operates. In Holland, too, public’ interest
is noticeably lacking and the flow of volun-
teers is slow in spite of the fact that for
“psychological reasons” the authorities
decided some years ago to replace the term
“ Civil Defence” by the more reassuring
one of “ protection of the population,” and
wherever possible link CD with the rescue
service which functions in times of natural
disaster.

Another scction is devoted to official
propaganda and one to the effects of nuclear
weapons and the obvious impossibility of
defence, civil or otherwise.

The booklet also provides an excellent
literature list which includes Dutch as well
as American, English and French books
and documents, and a particularly good
selection of works on “Pacifism, Non-

ae on. sats

Pamphlet review

E two latest pamphlets in the ‘series

published. from Pendle Hill, Walling-
ford, Pennsylvania, are numbers 92 and 93,
35 cents, each.

An Inward Legacy, Forbes Robinson,
is devotional extracts from the letters of a
Cambridge lecturer in theology who died
in 1904 at the age of 41. In an introduc-
tion, Gilbert Kilpack, who made the selec-
tion, describes the author as the William
Law or Brother Lawrence of his generation,
and truly says that his words carry just the
sharp but tender clarification that this age
needs,

Quakerism and Others Religions, by
Howard H, Brinton, is an interesting expo-
sition of a theory that Quakerism, more
than any other Christian sect, has the means
of approach to the other great religious
systems: worship in silence is the only
ing of Foreign Policy a brief survey of the
form in which adherents of all can take
part, and provides a meeting point; the
recognition of the Inward Light in every
man and the mystical concept of direct con-
tact with the Divine, through silence, medi-
tation and contemplation, overpass the
bounds that normally divide Christians and
non-Christians.

The South African Treason Trial, by
Gerald Gardiner, Q.C., Christian Action,
9d., is the text of a speech delivered in
February last at a meeting held in aid of
the Defence Fund for the 160 people now
being tried in South Africa for treason. It
is an admirably clear, brief explanation of
the background to the trial and the laws
against which the offences are alleged to
have been committed,

Christians and War, by Llewelyn Harries,
Plough Publishing House, 1s. This is a re-
print of an article that appeared in “The
Plough,” the quarterly magazine of the
Society of Brothers Bruderhof Community.
It describes the attitude of the early Chris-

PR ey i a al fie tile

September 6, 1957—PEACE NEWS—7

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any concern or individual from advertising in these
columns, it must be noted that we do not necessarily
share the views nor the opinions of all our advertisers.

MEETING
HOLBORN HALL at 7.30 p.m., September 7, Come
and hear Fenner Brockway, MP, and others speak
about Mauritius. Tickets 3s. available from J. R.
Lamusse, London House, Guildford Street, W.C.1,
and at the door.

ACCOMMODATION

FROM TIME TO TIME we have quiet accommoda-
tion available for long term letting. Separate rooms;
own cooking facilities. Apply, Sec. the Vedanta Move-
ment, Batheaston Villa, Bath.

HOMELY ACCOMMODATION and jolly good food
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Write or call HOUSMANS STATIONERY DEPT., 3
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NORTH DEVON. Fully equipped Youth Hostel,
also caravan private letting. Property equally suitable
Guest House, Private School, etc., 44 acres, Free-

hold £5,600. Box 748.
LITERATURE
QUAKERISM. Information and literature respecting

the Faith and Practice of the Religious Society of
Friends, free on application to Friends’ Home Service
Cttee., Friends’ House, Euston Rd., London, N.W.1.

THE RAILWAY REVIEW. The only and _ best
informed, TU newspaper. Trade union and _ political

news; Railway problems and working conditions
featured im every issue. Every Friday, 12 pages,
price 4d.

THE BIGGEST BOOKSELLERS IN THE WORLD
cannot supply more titles than your own Peace News
bookshop. Every book in print available from
HOUSMANS BOOKSHOP, 3 Blackstock Rd., London,
N.4,

PERSONAL

WAR RESISTERS’ International welcomes gifts of
foreign stamps and undamaged air mail covers. Please
send to WRI, 88 Park Ave., Enfield, Middlesex,

WE CAN HELP YOU. Use these columns to
advertise your services, sell your products and seck
your needs. Write to the Advertisement Manager,
Peace News, 3 Blackstock Rd., London, N.4.

MIRACLE OIL! Headaches? Colds? Insomnia ?
Migraine ? Sinusitis? Indigestion? Asthma? etc.?
Phial 4s. 49 Adelaide Road, Dublin.

THE BAPTIST PACIFIST FELLOWSHIP invites
your support. For details of membership write: Rev.

Leslie Worsnip, 63 Loughborough Rd., Quorn,
Leicester.
_ PRI ERTY REPAIRS and Decorations. Parsons.

LEYTONSTONE: 8 p.m.; Speaker: George Bush,
“‘ Ethics and Morality.” PPU Friends Mtg, Ho., E.10
and E.11 Group.

Friday, September 20

LONDON LOCAL TRIBUNAL for COs, Fulham
Town Hall (opposite Fulham Broadway Und, Station).
10.30 a.m. and 1.15 p.m, Public admitted.

Saturday, September 21

EPSOM. 3.45 p.m. 3 St. Martin’s Avenue. Poster
Parade to meeting in Rosebery Park (Speakers: Sybil
Morrison, Stuart Morris). 5.30 p.m, tea at Methodist
Church Hall, Ashley Road. 7.0 p.m. public meeting
** Peace Is Possible,’? (Speakers: Donald Chessell,
Stuart Morris, Sybil Morrison, Minnie Pallister; Chair-
man: James L, Henderson). Epsom and District Peace
Fellowship.

GLOUCESTER : 3 p.m.; Friends Mtg; Ho., PPU
Western Area AGM, Rally and Auction, Details:
Ron Barns, 4 Grange Drive, Bridgwater.

Thursday, September 26

LEYTONSTONE: 8 p.m.; Group _ Discussion.
PPU Friends Mtg. Ho., E.10 and E.11 Group,

Monday, September 30
LONDON APPELLATE TRIBUNAL for COs,

Ebury Bridge House, Ebury Bridge Road, Victoria,
S.W.1. 10.30 am. and 2.15 p.m. Public admitted.

COTTE

Every week é

SATURDAYS

LIVERPOOL: 8 p.m.; Pier Head, Open-air meet

ing of Liverpool and District Peace Bouio
SUNDAYS

HYDE PARK: 6.30 p.m.; Pacifist
Group. Every Sunday. PYAG.

GLASGOW : 8 p.m.; at Queen’s Park Gates.
Meeting. Open-air.

SATURDAYS AND SUNDAYS

LONDON: Weekend Workcamps, cleaning and
redecorating the homes of old-age pensioners. IVSP,
72 Oakley Sq., London, N.W.1.

TUESDAYS

1-2 p.m.; Deansgate Blitz Site.
Christian pacifist open-air mtg. Local Methodist
ministers and others. MPF,

WEDNESDAYS

KIDBROOKE: 8 p.m.; 141 Woolacombe Rd. Talks,

plays, discussion, music, radio, etc. Fellowship Party.
THURSDAYS

GLASGOW : 8 p.m.; Corner of Blythswood Street
and Sauchiehall Street. Open-air Meeting. Glasgow
H-bomb Committee,

LEYTONSTONE : 8 p.m.; Friends Mtg. Ho., Bush
Road. E.10 and E,11 Group. PPU.

LONDON, W.C.1: 7.30 p.m.; Dick Sheppard Ho.,
6 Endsleigh St. PYAG.

LONDON, W.C.1: 1.20-1.40 p.m.; Church of St.
George the Martyr, Queen Sq., Southampton Row.
Weekly lunch-hour Service of Intercession for World
Peace. Conducted by Clergy and laymen of different

denominations.
FRIDAYS

BIRMINGHAM : 5 p.m. onwards ; Bull Stréet Meet-
ing House (outside) Peace News Selling.
sSRR SREB ESE O RRO KBR EB EOR REESE eee

JES v es eomesearsessesenesseseeeanneeee~ssee stent eeeenEEY

PPU RELIGION COMMISSION
Pacifist Universalist Service
3.30 p.m. Sunday, September 8, 1957
Friends’ International Centre
32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.]1
Discourse by—!. A. Sandanpen
“A Day in an Indian Village”

Youth Action

PPU

MANCHESTER :

SRURRESneeeee sen eeeeee
seunecunesessesenessce

«| renounce war and | will never

support or sanction another ”
This pledge, signed by each member, is
nion.

the basis of the Peace Pledge
Send YOUR pledge to PPU Headquarters
DICK SHEPPARD HOUSE

6, Endsleigh Street London, W.C.1

teers is slow in spite of the fact that for
“psychological reasons” the authorities
decided some years ago to replace the term
“Civil Defence” by the more reassuring
one of ‘protection of the population,” and
wherever possible link CD with the rescue
service which functions in times of natural
disaster.

Another section is devoted to official
propaganda and one to the effects of nuclear
weapons and the obvious impossibility of
defence, civil or otherwise.

YOUTH FOR SHEFFIELD

Three young conscientious objectors from
Germany, Holland, and Belgium will visit
Sheffield on October 17 to join with a
British CO in an “Any Questions ”
panel. Mrs, Kathleen Moore, Secretary
of the Sheffield Fellowship of Recon-
ciliation, wants as many young people as
possible to hear the team, and hopes they
will get in touch with her at 111, Dale-
wood Avénue, Sheffield, 8.

NOTEBOOK

A BOUQUET to the Bournemouth Daily

Echo far a thought-provoking editorial
following the Russian achievement of the
“ ultimate apon”’ (August 1957 variety).

The parable of ‘‘ the strong man armed,”
said the Echp, “though it comes to us from
afar off down twenty centuries of time,
gives a clear warning to mankind in this
age of nucléar weapons and rocket missiles
that there is}no security in armaments, We
talk of deterrents, but who deters whom,
and for how long?”

“As the statesmen return to their dis-
ks, let them ponder on _ these

Service Unit,

formerly the Stepney Pacifist Unit of
war-time renown, has started a branch unit
in Poplar,

Carol Gardiner, who takes charge of the
new unit fr two rooms in Follett Street,
off the East India Dock Road, will have
the support lof Poplar’s Medical Officer of
Health, Dr. W. C, Turner, who has joined
the Unit’s Council, This development has

been welcomed by the Borough Council,

amo VWUUUIr SAREE EC GEES Breau een ey
Gerald Gardiner, Q.C., Christian Action,
9d., is the text of a speech delivered in
February last at a meeting held in aid of
the Defence Fund for the 160 people now
being tried in South Africa for treason. It
is an admirably clear, brief explanation of
the background to the trial and the laws
against which the offences are alleged to
have been committed.

Christians and War, by Llewelyn Harries,
Plough Publishing House, 1s. This is a re-
print of an article that appeared in ‘“ The
Plough,” the quarterly magazine of the
Society of Brothers Bruderhof Community.
It describes the attitude of the early Chris-
tians to participation in war, military ser-
vice and politics, and the change which
gradually took place after A.D, 174, and
relates Christ’s teaching on these matters to
the political world of today.

Labour in Transition, by John Burton,
Kingston, Australia; Morgans Publications,
2s. 6d.

This very interesting pamphlet from the
Antipodes expounds the argument that in
Britain, Australia and New Zealand the
Labour movement has so far played a
“crisis” réle; it has fought a battle for
better pay and conditions for the workers;
it has only been called upon to govern in
times of depression or the aftermath of war,
when the people were suffering from the
results of conservative policy. It has been
dependent in no small degree on economic
crisis for political support. The “ blurring”
of the differences between Labour and
Conservative Parties has been due to the
general acceptance of Labour’s immediate
industrial objectives. Now the movement
needs a re-thinking of its objectives and
transition from Labour to Democratic
Socialism. The policies of Democratic
Socialism set out by the author give priority
to social equality and the most direct and
active participation in government and
administration by people acting as equals.
It is not until a number of other matters
have been mentioned that, under the head-
ing of Foreign Policy a brief survey of the
“ dismal failure ” of Western policies is held
to completely justify the ‘ previously
idealistic attitude” of Labour, the multi-
lateral reduction of armaments and the
admission of a “powerful argument for
unilateral action if multilateral negotiations
end in stalemate.” This part of the pam-
phlet, and the section on organisation that
follows it, are obviously Australian in view-
point. British readers will see a quite
different angle, but that does not invalidate
the main thesis. TR. D

IME RAILWAY KREVE
informed, TU newspaper.
news; Railway problems and working conditions
featured in every issue.

Every Friday, 12 pages,
price 4d.

THE BIGGEST BOOKSELLERS IN THE WORLD
cannot supply more titles than your own Peace News
bookshop. Every book in print available from
HOUSMANS BOOKSHOP, 3 Blackstock Rd., London,

N.4,
PERSONAL

WAR RESISTERS’ International welcomes gifts of
foreign stamps and undamaged air mail covers. Please
send_to WRI, 88 Park Ave., Enfield, Middlesex,

WE CAN HELP YOU. Use these columns to
advertise your services, sell your products and seek
your needs. Write to the Advertisement Manager,
Peace News, 3 Blackstock Rd., London, N.4.

MIRACLE OIL! Headaches? Colds? Insomnia ?
Migraine ? Sinusitis? Indigestion? Asthma? etc.?
Phial 4s. 49 Adelaide Road, Dublin,

THE BAPTIST PACIFIST FELLOWSHIP invites
your support. For details of membership write: Rev.

nw. ne only ana vce
Trade union and political

Leslie Worsnip, 63 Loughborough Rd., Quorn,
Leicester.
PROPERTY REPAIRS and Decorations. Parsons,

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—ESESIIISEIEIyio—————————{[_—_—_——{—>===_

8—PEACE NEWS—September 6, 1957
* LL.C.O.P. discusses

“THE QUEST FOR
FREEDOM”
By Hilda von Klenze

ABOUT 40 people from six different

countries and representing over 20
organisations took part in this year’s
Conference of» the . International
Liaison Committee of Organisations

for Peace at. Ruskin College, Oxford,
from August 24-29.

The general title of the conference was
“The Quest for Freedom,” and J..H.
Anderson, Regional Director of the Agri-
cultural Advisory. Service, ted off with a
talk on ‘Freedom from Want.” After
giving some of the facts about poverty,
disease and malnutrition in the world to-
day, he described some of his work with
the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation
in the Middle and Far East and in Africa.

He asserted that with the help of modern
science the rapidly increasing world popu-
lation, which grows fastest in the under-
nourished areas, could be fed. In his view
Britain could and should make its contri-
bution by adding to 14d. a year per head of
population, by the temporary loan of top
level scientists to the UN functional agen-
cies, and by training people from abroad to
take over agricultural. and other develop-
ment projects in their own countries.

Professor L, A. Reid, of London Uni-
versity, presented an excellent analysis of
the different meanings of the term freedom,
and his speech was followed by surveys of
the present situation in Poland, India and
Ghana by three speakers from these coun-
tries. Recent events in Poland, said Lucjan
Blit, had restored his belief that tyranny
can be defeated by the human spirit,

The revolution there had been successful
because with the uprising at Poznan. the
prestige of coercion had collapsed and the
Polish people had ceased to be afraid. It
had been a revolution against a lie and to-
day public opinion was operating again.

Persuasion not coercion

In answer to another Polish member who
expressed the view that under certain cir-
cumstances no progress could be made
without coercion, Mr. Blit said that means
were more important than ends, and that
quite apart from the human results coercion
never. gave good economic results, Per-

“TOKYO DECLARATION”

[7 FROM PAGE ONE -

for an immediate and unconditional ban on ~

nuclear\ tests; °, Pp

““We “demand. the prohibition of manu-
facture, stockpiling, and, use of nuclear
weapons with international control.

“We oppose the introduction of nuclear
weapons by the nations in possession of
them into any other countries, e

“We demand universal disarmament with
controls accepted by the countries -con-
cerned. If agreement on universal, general
disarmament is not yet possible, we demand
a partial disarmament agreement.

“We: oppose. the establishment and. ex-
pansion of military bases, especially nuclear
bases. SAL

“We recognise that the simultaneous
liquidation of all the military blocs and the
abandoning of all military bases and the
withdrawal of all troops from all foreign
territories lessen the threat of nuclear war.”

Unconditioual agreement

In its appeal to the UN and the Govern-
ments, the Conference asked that the USA,
Britain and Russia enter immediately and
unconditionally into an agreement on _ the
prohibition of nuclear tests, and stated that
the system of. limitation or registration of
tests does not meet their demand,

“We also consider that any questions of
disarmament or any other political ques-
tions should not be made conditions for
such an agreement on the prohibition of
nuclear tests,” they declared,

“The conclusion of such an .agreemert
will pave the way for general disarmament,
including the prohibition of manufacture,
use and stockpiling of nuclear weapons.”

In its “recommendations on common
actions,” the Conference urged action, on
several levels,

It proposed. a world-wide series. of activi-
ties be undertaken on dates yet to be. set
during October and November on the issue
of the abolition of nuclear weapons and
disarmament during the forthcoming
sessions of the UN General Assembly,

Such action should be directed, the Con-
ference urged, toward the UN directly or
through individual Governments, -

Afro-Asian Conference

The Conference also proposed similar
actions aimed at the five Power UN Dis-
armament Sub-Committee which was then
meeting in London.

It was also recommended that activities
be directed towards Governments and local
authorities and that people be active within
their social, professional and religious
groups. as well as among their personal

T is not new that pacifists should

maintain the principle of putting
moral obligations before any others,
but it is a little hard to know from
Gerald Petch’s letter where he stands
as regards pacifism.

He gives an impression of a man who
has just made an important discovery ; he
writes as though it had suddenly dawned
upon him that stopping production «of
nuclear weapons was more important and
more essential than stopping the tests,

He makes the highly doubtful gpsumnption
that had it-been possible to stop the tests,
stoppage of production would have been
automatic. This seems very improbable,
since we were categorically informed, at
the time of the Pacific tests, that Sir William
Penney. found it unnecessary to go himself
because, in fact, Britain had been stock-
piling for six years.

It. has .been consistently ignored that. the
most formidable obstacle to the campaign
against tests is the sincere belief of the
Government that possession of the H-bomb
will prevent a nuclear war. [

It. is in. the light of such a belief, fan-
tastic though that belief may seem to, some
of us, that it becomes necessary for Goyern-
ments. to let it. be known that they do, in
fact, possess the weapon,

It would be awkward, to say. the least
of it, to make it known by dropping it in
some area ‘where buildings would be
destroyed and people killed and infected,
and therefore, that difficulty is overcome
by testing it in the middle of an ocean
where the least possible damage to life will
be done but, of course, where the rever-
berations will be recorded on machines
which measure these things, so that all over

AFTER THE FESTIVAL :

Americans visit China
BY K. J. TARASOFF

a ey Pybil Morrison ——__—
Godliness and cleanliness

_“ May J suggest most seriously as a matter of first importance that in the
' antt-H-bomb campaign there should now be a shift of emphasis from stop the
test to stop production (and stock piling).
have been,to stop production. This is no longer’ so. .
consideration must always be| the evil of the hydrogen. bomb—the moral con-
sideration to which careful assessment of effects and relative risks must be
secondary and contributory. Morality first, hygiene second.’ '

—Lettet from Gerald Petch, Peace News, August 30, 1957.

. +. Up to-now to stop the tests would
the overwhelming

the world it will be known that Britain has
the H-bomb.

This is in very much the same category
as the doctor who weighs the release of
radio-active particles into the atmosphere
when he uses deep X-ray to save a patient
from some deadly disease, against the
opportunity to save this one person’s life.
He comes down on the side of saving that
life. In the same way the Government
weighs’ the known dangers of the tests
against their belief that possession of the
H-bomb will save the world from nuclear
war, and comes down on the side of the
bomb.

This is the logical conclusion of their
false assumptions ; the great deterrent wins
every time, and the only real challenge to
those who believe in this doctrine is not
to demand that they throw away what they
believe to be a method of preventing a

. third world war, but to challenge their

assumptions at the very core of their mis-
taken and false beliefs.

These falsé’ assumptions have been
examined in Peace News on many occa-
sions, but it is plainer now, perhaps, than
it has ever been before, that the faith in
the great deterrent has been, apart from
any moral issues, utterly mistaken, , Already
Governments have moved away from that
position and are discussing the necessity for
guarding against a’ surprise attack, as
though that possibility had only just arisen,

Now that Russia has produced an inter-
continental ballistic rocket which can carry
H-bombs to the USA, it has become plain
that there is no longer a parity of strength,
and that the much vaunted deterrent may
not, after all, deter.

That assumption has been proved false ;
equally false is the assumption that it is
legitimate to use evil means for a good
end, The “overwhelming consideration ”
should be, not so much the evil of the H-
bomb as the evil of war, for there would
be no: H-bomb: if iti were not for thie funda.

Blit, had restored his belief that tyranny
can be defeated by the human spirit,

Persuasion not coercion

In answer to another Polish member who
expressed the view that under certain cir-
cumstances no progress could be made
without coercion, Mr, Blit said that. means
were more important than ends, and that
quite apart from the human results coercion
never gave good economic results. Per-
suasion took time, but was infinitely more
worth while. This was confirmed by the
speaker on India, K. R. Narayanan, First
Secretary of India House, who explained
the attempts of the Indian Government to
persuade rather than to force the people
to work voluntarily for the common good
and make certain sacrifices in the consump-
tion of much needed goods in order to
allow the development of power and com-
munications to go forward and benefit. the
whole country.

Professor. G, D, H, Cole gave what in
the discussion was described as a “ bril-
liantly depressing” talk on “ Freedom. from
Want” which provided a useful antidote to
any over-optimistic notions. The three
remaining addresses were concerned with
the British point of view on social security,
national security, and the» parliamentary
party system,

At the ILCOP Bureau meeting which fol-
lowed the conference, Dr. Ernest Wolf was
unanimously re-elected as Chairman for. the
ensuing ‘two. years,

Press release

In a Press release the Conference ex-
pressed the convinced belief that the
safeguarding of personal freedom, political,
intellectual and spiritual, was essential to
the attainment and the maintenance . of
peace and’ democracy, Without respect for
the supreme worth of the human person,
all other “gains lost’ much of their value
and society was in danger of becoming
totalitarian’ and tyrannical,

The Conference stated that in countries
subjected’ to a totalitarian government,
where there was.a lack: of personal security,
intellectuality and moral freedom, the
attempt to change the situation by force

ties be undertaken on dates yet to be set
during October and November on the issue
of the abolition of nuclear weapons and
disarmament during the forthcoming
sessions of the UN General Assembly.

Such action should be directed, the Con-
ference urged, toward the UN directly or
through individual Governments.

Afro-Asian Conference

The Conference also proposed similar
actions aimed at the five Power UN Dis-
armament Sub-Committee which was then
meeting in London.

It was also recommended that activities
be directed towards Governments and local
authorities and that people be active within
their social, professional and _ religious
groups, as well as among their personal
contacts,

Because recent nuclear tests have taken
place mainly in Asian and Pacific areas, the
Conference said it was important to forge
co-operation in these areas against prepara-
tions for nuclear war in progress at military
bases in Okinawa, Korea and other places.

They urged a second Afro-Asian Confer-
ence to further these aims.

The Conference said there is insufficient
knowledge and understanding of the dis-
astrous consequences of the use of and
experiments with nuclear bombs, and these
should be made more. widely known.
Through such efforts might come increased
relief for the victims of nuclear bombing
and testing.

Japanese Conference

FROM PAGE ONE

There is a high probability unless they
do so that before many years have passed
we shall see the Japanese Government
equipping itself with nuclear weapons, first
“ tactical,’”” and then demanding the right to
have A- and H-bombs like the other Great
Powers.

ARMS EXPENDITURE

Britain’s total income from all sources last

year was £18,002,00,000, Arms expendi-

approximately
twelfth of her

diture, running at
1,500,000,000, was a
income.

appeared in many cases to bring with it
a continuation, if not an intensification of
the evils it intended to remove,

Recent developments in Poland seemed to
indicate that non-violent methods, though
apparently slower, might well prove to be
the more effective.

OF Us, that it becomes necessary lor Govern-
ments to let it. be known that they do, in
fact, possess the weapon,

It would be awkward, to say’ the least
of it, to make it known by dropping it in
some area ‘where buildings would be
destroyed and people killed and infected,
and therefore, that difficulty is overcome
by testing it in the middle of an ocean
where the least possible damage to life will
be done but, of course, where the rever-
berations will be recorded on machines
which measure these things, so that all over

AFTER THE FESTIVAL :

Americans visit China
BY K. J. TARASOFF

The writer is a young Doukhobor
and editor of the Canadian Doukhobor
publication, The Inquirer. He attended
the Sixth World Youth Festival and
here considers it in retrospect.

a PHE first major achievement of the

Moscow Sixth World Youth Festival,”
observed one of the 160 Americans who
took part in it, “is that the policy of non-
participation has ended. No longer is it
possible to disregard the views of the other
fellow. Secondly, the Festival has raised
hopes that relations with China may be
improved,

“ Although the USA. doesn’t recognise
Red China, and despite written protests
from home as well as from the American
Embassy in Moscow, 45 Americans were
invited to Pekin after the Festival. This
group is headed by a clergyman, and it is
composed of businessmen, students and
workmen.”

Was the Festival a propaganda stunt; was
it a means of indoctrination for young
pliable minds, or was it something more ?

A definite answer is impossible, yet some
observations must be made,

No apparent attempt at indoctrination
was made, unless it was indoctrination in
the sense that a country publicises its own
achievements and aims in a frank way.
And who would be foolish enough to. chal-
lenge the right to do so? As long as
there are equal rights to present views, why
worry ? {

Competition between differing ideologies
is here to stay for many years.. The main
point is: let’s be peaceful about it, promote
an interchange of ideas and trust and ulti-
mately the best features of different systems
will be preserved in the building of a better
social order.

vee Bat Sererrent’ Nas oeen, apart from
any moral issues, utterly mistaken, Already
Governments have moved away from that
position and are discussing the necessity for
guarding against. a surprise attack, as
though that possibility had only just arisen,

That assumption has been proved false ;
equally false is the assumption that it is
legitimate to use evil means for a good
end. The “overwhelming consideration ”
should be, not so much the evil of the H-
bomb as the evil of war, for there would
be no H-bomb if it were not for this funda-
mental belief in the method of war.

The ultimate challenge must be to that
basically false assumption, and immoral
method ; when that challenge is made, not
by a small group of pacifists only, but by
millions, there will be no need to argue
whether morals are to come before hygiene
or after it; Godliness will have made
cleanliness part of a world at peace,
tg

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